Automatic detection of sleep spindles

Spánek je nedílnou součástí lidského života a průměrný člověk prospí asi jeho jednu třetinu. Proto je důležité spánku rozumět a správně ho analyzovat. Cílem diplomové práce je navrhnout, implementovat a otestovat různé typy metod strojového učení vhodné pro zpracování EEG signálu a identifikaci spánkových vřetének. Učící se algoritmy byly natrénovány na anotovaných datech, poskytnutých datovým centrem Montreal Archive of Sleep Studies (MASS). Nejlepšího výsledku klasifikace dosáhla konvoluční neuronová síť s přesností přes 67%.ObhájenoSleep is an integral part of human life, and the average person sleeps about one-third of their life. Therefore, it is important to understand sleep and analyze it correctly. The goal of this master thesis is to propose, design, implement, and test various machine/deep learning methods suitable for EEG signal processing to identify sleep spindles. The learning algorithms were trained on well-annotated data provided by the Montreal Archive of Sleep Studies (MASS) data center. The best classification result was achieved by the convolutional neuron network with an accuracy of over 67%

Reflections of a Famous Czech Historian About Russia's Aggression Against Ukraine on the Pages of the Second Edition of the Book History of Ukraine (Prague, 2022) and on the Occasion of the XXIII International Congress of Historical Sciences (Poznań, the Republic of Poland, August 21-27, 2022)

The article presents the author's reflections on the 2014-2022 Russia-Ukraine wa

Lincoln's Reconstruction westof the Mississippi River: Restoretion of loyal civil governments in Arkansas and Louisiana, 1862-1865

In the course of the American Civil War, in four occupied southern states loyal civil gov­ ernments were established and in three other states at least attempts at reconstruction took place. The master thesis "Lincoln's Reconstruction west of the Mississippi River: Restoration of loyal civil gov­ ernments in Arkansas and Louisiana, 1862-1865" treats the process of wartime reconstruction of the Union in accordance within recent historiography that disputes revisionist accounts of the topic. The thesis argues that the President held to his moderate vision throughout the Civil War and did not de­ part from it in favour of radical conceptions by the end of the conflict. Lincoln's policy was practical, opposed to dogmatic, purpose approach of his radical fellow partisans. Two case studies of reconstruction on the state level are to show that the presidential policy was a proper one. The peculiarities of each state asked for differentiated handling. Louisiana and Arkansas were chosen for their abysmally different social, economic and political features yet common war experience. In terms of wealth, density of population, and share of slaves in its number, Louisiana and Arkansas were situated on opposite extremes of the scale. Like the other states of Lower South, Louisiana seceded in January 1861, while the Upper..."Mojí politikou je nemít žádnou politiku," prohlašoval o sobě Abraham Lincoln, "snažil jsem se dělat to, co se zdálo být ten který den nejlepší." Jeho radikálně republikánský ministr financí taková slova považoval za idiotská,252avšak odlišnosti v procesu rekonstrukce Arkansasu a Louisiany dávají prezidentovu praktickému, diferencovanému přístupu spíše za pravdu. Jejich regionální příslušnost již napovídala, že síla unionistického hnutí nebude v obou státech stejná. Zatímco Louisiana náležela k takzvanému hubokému Jihu, který opustil Unii v první vlně secese v lednu 1861, Arkansas patřil do oblasti horního Jihu, jenž se odtrhl až po krizi kolem pevnosti Fort Sumter. Také se dalo předpokládat, že ekonomická základna a zájmy unionistů budou odlišné, neboť Louisiana byla nejbohatším jižanským státem, zatímco Arkansas naopak nejchudším. V něm byli proto unionisty především drobní farmáři, zatímco v Louisianě mimo jiné majitelé třtino­ vých plantáží. Také situace na bitevním poli určovala rozdíly v rekonstrukci obou států. Pod federální vojenskou kontrolu se nejprve dostala nejvýznamnější část Louisiany, teprve později malá oblast Ar­ kansasu. Vojenský guvernér Louisiany tak měl příležitost uspořádat koncem roku 1862 kongresové volby, zatímco vojenský guvernér Arkansasu nemohl pro rekonstrukci státu mnoho...Department of North American StudiesKatedra severoamerických studiíFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Výroba modelových zařízení s využitím nekonvenčních materiálů

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Travels Abroad in the Habsburg Monarchy and First Czechoslovak Republic

The paper deals with the travels abroad in the Habsburg monarchy from 19th century and Czechoslovakia (1918-1948), including the period of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945)

The Position of T.G. Masaryk as a Prezident in the Political System of the First Czechoslovak Republik

The Position of T.G. Masaryk as a President in the Political System of the First Czechoslovak Republik