36 research outputs found

    Study of 124^{124}Sn+136^{136}Xe fusion-evaporation: analysis of a rare-event experiment

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    7 pages, 4 figuresFusion-evaporation in the 124^{124}Sn+136^{136}Xe system is studied using a high intensity xenon beam provided by the Ganil accelerator and the LISE3 wien filter for the selection of the products. Due to the mass symmetry of the entrance system, the rejection of the beam by the spectrometer was of the order of 5times1085times10^8. We have thus performed a detailed statistical analysis to estimate random events and to infer the fusion-evaporation cross sections. No signicant decay events were detected and upper limit cross sections of 172~pb, 87~pb and 235~pb were deduced for the synthesis of 257^{257}Rf, 258^{258}Rf and 259^{259}Rf, respectively

    Influence of alkylphosphonic acid grafting on the electronic and magnetic properties of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 surfaces

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    Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are highly promising materials for molecular engineering of electronic and spintronics devices thanks to their surface functionalization properties. In this direction, alkylphosphonic acids have been used to functionalize the most common ferromagnetic electrode in organic spintronics: La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (LSMO). However, a study on the influence of SAMs grafting on LSMO electronic and magnetic properties is still missing. In this letter, we probe the influence of alkylphosphonic acids-based SAMs on the electronic and magnetic properties of the LSMO surface using different spectroscopies. We observe by X-ray photoemission and X-ray absorption that the grafting of the molecules on the LSMO surface induces a reduction of the Mn oxidation state. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements also show that the LSMO work function can be modified by surface dipoles opening the door to both tune the charge and spin injection efficiencies in organic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes.The research leading to these results was financially supported by the EU project NMP3-SL-2011-263104 HINTS and ANR agency (MELAMIN 2011-NANO-021). S.T. acknowledges the European Union FP7 CIG Marie Curie Actions under project SAMSFERE (FP7/2012–321739) and the Spanish MICINN for his JdC contract. P.S. wishes to thank the Institut Universitaire de France for a junior Fellowship. The research leading to these results was partly funded by the SFB/TRR 88 ‘3MET’ from the DFG. Experiments were performed on the “DEIMOS” beamline at SOLEIL Synchrotron, France (project No. 20100960)

    What causes the inverse relationship between primary production and export efficiency in the Southern Ocean?

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    The ocean contributes to regulating atmospheric CO2 levels, partly via variability in the fraction of primary production (PP) which is exported out of the surface layer (i.e. the e-ratio). Southern Ocean studies have found that, contrary to global scale analyses, an inverse relationship exists between e-ratio and PP. This relationship remains unexplained, with potential hypotheses being i) large export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in high PP areas, ii) strong surface microbial recycling in high PP regions and/ or iii) grazing mediated export varies inversely with PP. We find that the export of DOC has a limited influence in setting the negative e-ratio/PP relationship. However, we observed that at sites with low PP and high e-ratios, zooplankton mediated export is large and surface microbial abundance low suggesting that both are important drivers of the magnitude of the e-ratio in the Southern Ocean

    GenÚse, hégémonie et déclin de la <i>learnability condition</i> : épistémologie de la psycholinguistique développementale

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    Le problĂšme de l'acquisition linguistique mobilise une foule de savoirs : des connaissances sur les capacitĂ©s cognitives de l'enfant et de l'adulte, des connaissances concernant ce qui est Ă  apprendre (la langue maĂźtrisĂ©e par le sujet), des connaissances concernant la base neurologique et gĂ©nĂ©tique du comportement verbal, parfois mĂȘme des connaissances concernant la communication animale. Chacun de ces domaines, chacune des diverses positions que nous parcourrons implique une conception, Ă  un niveau Ă©levĂ© de gĂ©nĂ©ralitĂ©, de l'intelligence humaine, du langage humain, de l'enfance et de l'apprentissage. Bien qu'examinĂ©es ici par la mĂ©thode scientifique (et plutĂŽt dirions-nous des mĂ©thodes scientifiques) les questions traitĂ©es n'en sont pas moins des problĂšmes philosophiques autrefois traitĂ©s par exemple par les thĂ©ories classiques de la connaissance (Descartes, Locke, Hume, Leibniz). Notre but sera de comprendre et de confronter les savoir scientifiques rĂ©cemment fournis sur ces questions classiquement philosophiques. Le travail Ă©pistĂ©mologique sera donc double : premiĂšrement, confronter le savoir donnĂ© vis-Ă -vis des mĂ©thodes de vĂ©rification par lequel ce savoir est atteint. ParticuliĂšrement dans ce travail, nous montrerons l'erreur mĂ©thodologique qui consiste Ă  traiter un problĂšme empirique sur la base de catĂ©gories logiques et Ă  se fier Ă  une idĂ©e a priori concernant la course dĂ©veloppementale linguistique de l'enfant. C'est en observant la genĂšse (son lien avec l’expĂ©rience de pensĂ©e fameuse de Quine), la dĂ©fense puis la critique du learnability problem que nous pourrons souligner cette erreur mĂ©thodologique. Secondement, en philosophe, nous essaierons d'observer les postulats philosophiques (au sens de trĂšs gĂ©nĂ©raux) mobilisĂ©s dans ces diverses doctrines concernant l'homme, le langage, l'intelligence, l’esprit ; et d'examiner leurs implications sur la doctrine produite. Notre travail consistera Ă  remonter les diffĂ©rentes notions scientifiques que nous parcourrons vers leurs bases philosophiques les plus profondes. Ainsi nous pourrons entreprendre notre analyse Ă©pistĂ©mologique depuis deux sources : la confrontation du savoir et de ses mĂ©thodes de vĂ©rification, la confrontation entre diffĂ©rentes analyses scientifiques ainsi que leurs postulats fondamentaux, Ă  un niveau, encore une fois, philosophique

    Les déterminants du parcours professionnel des médecins généralistes : une revue systématique de la littérature anglophone

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    Many countries experience difficulties in accessing primary care, which are exacerbated in rural or in low socio-economic areas. Policies that aim to organize primary care could be built on the basis of the determinants of the professional career of general practitioners. A review of the literature looking at the determinants of practice setup in France was carried out before. The main objective of this literature review was to identify the determinants of the professional career of general practitioners in English-speaking foreign literature. The secondary objectives were to describe the modalities of practice of general practitioners and to identify the most relevant modifiable career determinants. Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted by querying the PubMed and EMBASE databases targeting quantitative studies concerning Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland.Results: The queries found 3,681 results and 44 articles were included. The main determinants of the professional career found were those favoring the rural installation and retention: being a man, the rural origin of the general practitioners, a rural location of the placements they carried out during their training, their participation in courses oriented towards rural medicine, the opinion and origin of their spouses, a moderate workload, fee-for-service, the possibility of performing medical procedures or also having an activity in the hospital. Conclusion: Our study allowed us to identify the determinants of the professional career of general practitioners. The setup and retention in rural areas could be improved by increasing the proportion of students from rural origins, establishing rural curriculum in universities and campuses; improving working conditions and infrastructure in rural areas as well as making it easier for the spouse of the general practitioner to find work.De nombreux pays connaissent des difficultĂ©s d’accĂšs aux soins de premier recours, exacerbĂ©es dans les milieux ruraux ou Ă  faibles niveaux socio-Ă©conomiques. Les politiques visant Ă  organiser les soins de premier recours pourraient se construire Ă  partir des dĂ©terminants du parcours professionnel des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes. Une revue de littĂ©rature s’intĂ©ressant aux dĂ©terminants de l’installation en France a dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. L’objectif principal de cette revue de la littĂ©rature Ă©tait de recenser les dĂ©terminants du parcours professionnel des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes dans la littĂ©rature Ă©trangĂšre anglophone. Les objectifs secondaires Ă©taient de dĂ©crire les modalitĂ©s d’exercice des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes et d’identifier les dĂ©terminants du parcours modifiables les plus pertinents. MĂ©thode : Une revue systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e en interrogeant les bases de donnĂ©es PubMed et EMBASE en ciblant les Ă©tudes quantitatives concernant le Canada, le Royaume-Uni, l’Australie, l’Espagne, la Belgique, l’Allemagne et la Suisse. RĂ©sultats : Les requĂȘtes ont trouvĂ© 3 681 rĂ©sultats et 44 articles ont Ă©tĂ© inclus. Les principaux dĂ©terminants du parcours retrouvĂ©s Ă©taient ceux favorisant l’installation et la rĂ©tention rurale : l’origine rurale des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes, une localisation rurale des stages qu’ils ont effectuĂ©s pendant leur formation, leur participation aux cursus orientĂ©s vers la mĂ©decine rurale, l’avis et l’origine de leur conjoint, une charge de travail modĂ©rĂ©e, le sexe masculin, le paiement Ă  l’acte, la possibilitĂ© de rĂ©aliser des gestes mĂ©dicaux ou d’avoir Ă©galement une activitĂ© Ă  l'hĂŽpital. Conclusion : Notre Ă©tude nous a permis d’identifier les dĂ©terminants du parcours professionnel des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes. L’installation et la rĂ©tention en zones rurales pourraient ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©es par une augmentation de la proportion d’étudiants d’origine rurale, la crĂ©ation d’universitĂ©s de cursus et de campus ruraux, l’amĂ©lioration des conditions de travail et des infrastructures en zones rurales ainsi que la facilitation de l’obtention d’un travail pour le conjoint du mĂ©decin gĂ©nĂ©raliste

    Vocabulometer: a Web Platform for Document and Reader Mutual Analysis

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    International audienceWe present the Vocabulometer, a reading assistant system designed to record the reading activity of a user with an eye tracker and to extract mutual information about the users and the read documents. The Vocabulometer stands as a web platform and can be used for analyzing the comprehension of the user, the comprehensibility of the document, predicting the difficult words, recommending document according to the reader's in order to increase his skills, etc. Since the last years, with the development of low-cost eye trackers, the technology is now accessible for many people, which will allow using data mining and machine learning algorithms for the mutual analysis of documents and readers

    Vers une meilleure compréhension du comportement des essaims de H. anomala à court terme à l'aide d'une caméra acoustique haute résolution.

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    International audienceInvasive alien species (IAS) are considered a major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. The bloody-red shrimp (Hemimysis anomala), an invasive exotic species of the Mysidae family originating from the Ponto-Caspian region, has recently established in peri-alpine lakes. The proliferation of this species is likely to affect both native species and the functioning of lake ecosystems, particularly because of its planktonophagous diet. Due to its nocturnal activity and preference for hard-to-access habitats, still very little is known about its abundance and behaviour. To the best of our knowledge, our study represents the first use of the ARIS Explorer 3000 acoustic camera (Sound Metrics Corp.) with the goal to investigate the in situ behaviour of a typical winter swarm of H. anomala. The results of this study demonstrate the ability to detect the animal and obtain high-frequency data, the possibility to estimate its quantitative importance, and monitor its behaviour in detail. Also, the acquisition of such short-term observations, spanning several days to weeks, allowed us to assess the importance and role of various environmental factors on shrimp abundance aiming to characterize the determinism of its nocturnal activity.Les espĂšces exotiques envahissantes sont considĂ©rĂ©es comme une cause importante de la perte de la biodiversitĂ© au niveau mondial. La crevette rouge sang (Hemimysis anomala), espĂšce exotique de la famille des MysidacĂ©s au caractĂšre envahissant, originaire de la rĂ©gion ponto-caspienne, s’est rĂ©cemment installĂ©e dans les grands lacs pĂ©rialpins. La prolifĂ©ration de cette espĂšce peut avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement des Ă©cosystĂšmes lacustres et sur les espĂšces natives, particuliĂšrement en raison de son rĂ©gime alimentaire planctonophage. Du fait de son activitĂ© nocturne, et de son affinitĂ© pour les habitats difficiles d’accĂšs, l’évaluation de son abondance et de son comportement restent trĂšs mal connues. À notre connaissance, notre Ă©tude prĂ©sente la premiĂšre utilisation de la camĂ©ra acoustique ARIS Explorer 3000 (Sound Metrics Corp.) dans le but d’étudier le comportement in situ d’Hemimysis anomala. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude rĂ©vĂšlent que nous pouvons dĂ©tecter la crevette rouge sang et obtenir des donnĂ©es Ă  haute frĂ©quence, estimer son importance quantitative et suivre son comportement de maniĂšre trĂšs fine. L’obtention de ces observations, Ă  court terme, pendant plusieurs jours Ă  semaines, nous a Ă©galement permis de tester l’importance et le rĂŽle de diffĂ©rents facteurs environnementaux sur les variations d’abondance des crevettes afin de caractĂ©riser le dĂ©terminisme de son activitĂ© nycthĂ©mĂ©rale

    CFD Investigation of Complex Phenomena in S-Shape Region of Reversible Pump-Turbine

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    International audiencePumped Storage Plants (PSP) using reversible pump-turbines offer the possibility to store large amounts of energy with high efficiency and at reasonable cost. For reversible high head pump-turbines, the characteristic curves exhibit an S-shape in the turbine, turbine break and reverse pump quadrants. This S-shape leads to unstable behaviour of the turbine when coupling to the grid (for small guide vane opening) or to surge transient phenomena in case of emergency shutdown (for large guide vane opening). Typically the piping system can be exposed to severe pressure oscillations. Furthermore, the flow inside the pump-turbine is characterized by unsteady complex hydrodynamic phenomena. These phenomena have to be deeply investigated to improve the behaviour of the pump-turbine in such operating conditions. This paper focuses on the numerical analysis of the flow in a reversible pump-turbine in the S- shape region. For this application, we used unsteady computation applying the SAS-SST turbulence model and considered a full computational domain that includes all the component of the pump-turbine. The study highlights the evolution of the flow behaviour for a large range of operating conditions: from the optimal efficiency point to the zero discharge condition, for a given constant guide vane opening

    Towards a better understanding of the ecology of Hemimysis anomala, an invasive small pelagic crustacean alien, in Lake Geneva

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    International audienceThe bloody-red shrimp (Hemimysis anomala) is an invasive crustacean belonging to the Mysidae family and native to the Ponto-Caspian region (Eastern Europe). It has recently settled in some peri-alpine lakes, among which the largest natural deep ecosystem in occidental Europe, e.g. Lake Geneva. The proliferation of this species can have a variety of impacts on both native species and the functioning of lake ecosystems, while considering its planktonophagous diet, in one hand, and because it constitutes a potential prey for fish, in another hand. Due to its nocturnal activity, as individuals hide during the day in interstitial spaces (e.g. cavities, under stones, wrecks, etc
), the assessment of its abundance and in-situ behavior remains difficult to obtain with traditional sampling methods. Scuba diving helped us to (i) detect and follow the animal in a variety of locations and habitats, (ii) make pictures and videos, (iii) sample animals with a designed and dedicated sampler for further analysis (molecular, isotope, 
), (iv) instrument a site with high-resolution acoustic and visible/infrared cameras. This talk is the opportunity to present a variety of results dealing with the habitat, abundance, dynamics, swarm behavior and biotic interactions of the bloody-red shrimp
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