Phonological markedness, acquisition and language pathology: what is left of the Jakobsonian legacy?

International audienceThis chapter looks at some of the phonological theses put forward by Roman Jakobson (1941/1968) concerning language acquisition and language impairment. We argue, with special reference to the French language and on the basis of aphasiological data, that the notion of markedness, which played a central role in Jakobson's work, is still relevant. If built into our representational machinery, markedness can provide an insightful account of the development of phonology and its destructuring and restructuring in various types of aphasia

Beginning teacher's situated emotions : study about first classroom's experiences

International audienceThis paper both presents a framework for analyzing situated emotions and describes the evolution of two teachers' emotions during their first classroom experiences. Based on Peirce's three categories of experience (1931-1935), we categorized teachers' emotions into affective states, sentiments and emotions-types. The principal results show (a) the emotional flow during ordinary teaching situations, (b) the emergence of contradictory emotions related to phenomena of emotional hysteresis between the affective states and sentiments, (c) the typical character of their emotions related to dependence on the lesson plan and the need to maintain student activity, and (d) the importance of typicalization of emotions in learning to teach

Interphonologie et représentations orthographiques. Le cas des catégories /b/ et /v/ chez des apprenants japonais de Français Langue Etrangère.

L'article essaie de clarifier l'apprentissage de catégories phonologiques dans une langue seconde quand cette dernière ne fait pas partie des catégories de la langue source. Il soulève aussi la question de l'orthographe et la façon dont elle peut interagir dans l'apprentissage pour des langues à longue tradition orthographique comme le japonais ou le français

Relation between respiratory variations in pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude and arterial pulse pressure in ventilated patients.

IntroductionRespiratory variation in arterial pulse pressure is a reliable predictor of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients with circulatory failure. The main limitation of this method is that it requires an invasive arterial catheter. Both arterial and pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveforms depend on stroke volume. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the relationship between respiratory variation in arterial pulse pressure and respiratory variation in pulse oximetry plethysmographic (POP) waveform amplitude.MethodThis prospective clinical investigation was conducted in 22 mechanically ventilated patients. Respiratory variation in arterial pulse pressure and respiratory variation in POP waveform amplitude were recorded simultaneously in a beat-to-beat evaluation, and were compared using a Spearman correlation test and a Bland-Altman analysis.ResultsThere was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.83; P < 0.001) and a good agreement (bias = 0.8 +/- 3.5%) between respiratory variation in arterial pulse pressure and respiratory variation in POP waveform amplitude. A respiratory variation in POP waveform amplitude value above 15% allowed discrimination between patients with respiratory variation in arterial pulse pressure above 13% and those with variation of 13% or less (positive predictive value 100%).ConclusionRespiratory variation in arterial pulse pressure above 13% can be accurately predicted by a respiratory variation in POP waveform amplitude above 15%. This index has potential applications in patients who are not instrumented with an intra-arterial catheter

Charcoal analysis of lime kiln remains in Southern France : an original process of mediaeval and modern traditional lime burning

In Southern France, little has been known concerning the techniques used for lime burning. Recent archaeological research (excavations and surveys) provides evidence of a new lime burning process using a little sole to shaft and high stokehole. These lime kiln elements have been recognized in sites such as Saint-Blaise-de-Bauzon (XIIIth century, Bollène, Vaucluse), earthenware factory Favier (XVIIth century, Montpellier, Hérault) and the Homme Mort Valley (XVIIth century, Peynier, Bouches-du-Rhône). These new archaeological data allow the re-evaluation of the development of this activity and associated firewood management. Several kilns have been excavated in the Lower Provence (France), especially in the high Arc Valley area, aiming at a better understanding of the links between kiln construction and architecture and fire control. A sampling protocol of charcoal has been defined, experimented and improved during excavation work. The careful excavation and sampling of the charcoal layers is followed by microtopography of the kiln in order to identify the morphology / pattern of the fireplace. Fine sieving (0,2 mm mesh) allows the recovery of even the smallest charred biological remains (twigs, spines, leafs) and the reconstruction of the technical process of supplying the fire with wood. Charcoal analysis has taken in account diverse factors. After the anatomical identification of the species, all the specimens have been calibrated; statistical results thus obtained testify to the use of kindling wood (from scrub vegetation). The bark is often preserved allowing us to identify the cutting season. Further charred botanical remains (leaves and spines) were studied in Montpellier (Institut de Botanique) and point to the use of a taper at the bottom of fireplace to light the fire, at the very begining of the burning. This process is well suited for a lime burning kiln provided with a high stokehole. This new conception of lime production leads to the re-interpretation of the results from old excavations all over the Northern-Western Mediterranean basin, especially in Tunisia and central Italy.Les techniques de fabrication de la chaux sont assez méconnues dans le Midi de la France. Des recherches récentes (fouilles archéologiques et prospections) ont mis en évidence l'existence d'un procédé de cuisson au moyen d'une petite voûte à cheminée et gueule haute. Cette disposition des éléments du four à chaux est désormais connue sur plusieurs sites de productions de chaux à Saint-Blaise-de-Bauzon (XIIIe siècle, Bollène, Vaucluse, France), à la faïencerie Favier (XVIIe siècle, Montpellier, Hérault, France) ou dans le vallon de l'Homme Mort (XVIIe siècle, Peynier, Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Elle vient renouveler la vision acquise par l'archéologie sur cet artisanat et implique une gestion du feu spécifique. Plusieurs fours ont été fouillés en basse Provence (France), notamment dans le secteur de la haute Vallée de l'Arc, afin de comprendre les liens qui existent entre la disposition des éléments techniques du four et la gestion de la cuisson. Un protocole de prélèvements anthracologiques a été élaboré et affiné au fil des opérations archéologiques. Après un décapage minutieux de la couche de charbons, un relevé microtopographique est réalisé pour saisir la morphologie des restes du foyer, puis les charbons sont prélevés à la manière des places de charbonnières. Un tamisage très fin est ensuite effectué, permettant de récolter les végétaux carbonisés les plus petits (brindilles, épines, feuilles) et de reconstruire la chaîne opératoire technique de l'alimentation en combustible du feu par les chaufourniers. L'analyse anthracologique a tenu compte de plusieurs paramètres. Outre la caractérisation des espèces, les charbons de bois ont été calibrés afin d'établir une étude statistique pour montrer l'utilisation de fagots de broussailles. La saison d'abattage a été déterminée grâce à la conservation fréquente de l'écorce. L'analyse anthracologique a été complétée par une identification botanique réalisée à l'Université de Montpellier II sur les feuilles et épines carbonisées, mettant en évidence l'utilisation d'une mèche à la base du foyer servant à allumer le feu au début de la cuisson, procédé tout à fait adapté à la cuisson de la chaux avec gueule haute. Cette nouvelle approche de l'artisanat de la chaux permet de réinterpréter les résultats de fouilles de ce type d'installations découvertes plus anciennement dans le Sud de la France, mais aussi dans d'autres régions du pourtour de la Méditerranée, comme en Tunisie ou en Italie centrale

French in Auvergne (Centre) : a speaker from Clermont-Ferrand

International audienceCette enquête PFC (phonologie du français contemporain) a été faite avec une locutrice junior de la région proche de clermont-Ferrand. l'ensemble des données nous amènent à conclure que ses productions ne sont pas très éloignées du français de référence. on retiendra en revanche des élément typiques du français jeune

L'organisation de son propre travail : une étude du cours d'action de cadres de l'industrie - Organizing one's own work : A study of industrial managers' course of action

International audienceThis study analyses how managers organize their own work, within the framework of both situated cognition and course-of-action theory. The activity of two managers in a metallurgical plant was studied during a period of two consecutive working days. Two kinds of data were collected just before and after these two days : - Review of the traces of the managers' activities and of the tools they resorted to (diary entries, ordering of papers on the desk, etc.); - verbalizations of the managers regarding traces, tools and an activity journal (during the two days, managers scheduled each moment in tables). Courses-of-action were reconstituted and analyzed by identifying macro-sequences, macro-series, and sequential or serial episodes which constituted them. The results showed that the managers' activity was divided in short episodes, connected by five different types of bifurcation. The managers located the major part of their activity within several tens of macro-sequences, many of them extending far before and after the analyzed activity. These gave diachronic coherence to the short episodes. The managers' activity was partially anticipated. In their diary, items differed according to the different types of anticipated action (appointment or deadline vs temporally undetermined action). Synchronous communications were present in the most of activity sequences. These involved search for synchronization in the manager's activity by coping emergencies and exploiting opportunities perceived during the course of action. Finally, autonomy in the managers' work appears as constructing signification extended on a large temporal span, these signification organizing activity in an adaptable way.Cette étude analyse la manière dont des cadres organisent leur propre travail, dans l'optique théorique de la cognition située et de la théorie du cours d'action. L'activité de deux cadres d'un établissement industriel a été étudiée pendant deux jours consécutifs. Juste avant et après ces deux jours, deux types de données ont été collectées : un relevé des traces d'activité et des instruments utilisés par les cadres (items dans l'agenda, ordonnancement des papiers sur le bureau, etc.), et des verbalisations à partir de ces relevés et d'un journal d'activité. Les cours d'action ont été reconstitués et analysés en identifiant les épisodes, séquentiel ou sériels, qui les constituaient. Les résultats montrent que l'activité des cadres était fractionnée en épisodes courts. Les cadres situaient la majeure partie de leur activité au sein de plusieurs dizaines de macro-séquences, la plupart d'entre elles s'étendant largement avant et après les cours d'action analysés. Les différents épisodes étaient reliés par cinq catégories distinctes de transition. Ces activités étaient partiellement anticipées, ce qui se traduit dans les agendas par différentes catégories d'artefacts correspondant à différents types d'anticipation (détermination ou non d'un moment pour accomplir une activité). Une activité de communication synchrone était présente dans la plupart des épisodes, impliquant une recherche de synchronisations dans l'activité des cadres, en répondant à des urgences et en exploitant des opportunités perçues dans le cours d'action. Finalement, l'autonomie dans le travail des cadres se révèle sous la forme d'une construction de significations étendues sur un large empan temporel, ces significations organisant l'activité de manière flexible

Sacrifice ratio dispersion within the Euro Zone:<br />What can be learned about implementing a Single Monetary Policy?

International audienceThis article focuses on the comparison of sacrifice ratios as an indicator for structural dispersion within the euro area over the period 1972-2003. Estimates of the sacrifice ratio, defined as the cumulative output cost arising from permanent inflation reduction, are obtained using structural VAR models. Results from sub-period analysis as well as ten-year-period rolling estimates lead to two main conclusions. Firstly empirical evidence displays a recent increase in the average sacrifice ratio, which can be linked to the simultaneous decrease in the average inflation rate: this negative relationship between the initial level of inflation and the cost of disinflation can be seen as a justification for the choice of an inflation objective close to 2% for the European Central Bank (ECB) rather than a target of perfect price stability, potentially very damaging. Secondly, we can't provide evidence of any reduction in European sacrifice ratio dispersion, which would suggest that the nominal convergence triggered by the Maastricht Treaty didn't involve a true reduction of structural differences. It is likely to be a problem in the stance of a single monetary policy, since structural differences imply asymmetric responses of real national economies to the same monetary impulse

Ten Years of Valuation of the Local Impact of Atmospheric Pollution: from Scientific Assessments to Political Decisions

This paper focuses on the economic valuation of the impact of local air pollution. Two main issues are considered: 1. The scientific issue: what is estimated, how and why? The main studies from the nineties are presented here. Two strong issues are stressed, with the diversity of valuation methods, on the one hand, and the debates on how to take the long term into account and the discount technique, on the other. 2. The political issue: how the results from the economic field are analysed and used to establish official values for public policies? The methods used in the transport sector in three different European countries (France, Sweden and Switzerland) are studied here.To conclude, we highlight the discrepancy between these two processes and, wherever possible, offer solutions to reach better synergy.Local air pollution ; External costs ; Economic valuation ; Official values ; Public decision ; International comparison