Quantifying herbicide injuries in maize by use of remote sensing

Maize breeders and plant protection companies require early information about negative side effects of herbicides on maize plants to identify cultivars which are susceptible to specific herbicide agents. Experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to quantify herbicide injuries in maize. In 2005, sulfonylurea type herbicides and an untreated control were established in a susceptible and an insusceptible maize cultivar at University of Bonn, Research Station Dikopshof. Multispectral images were taken via airborne remote sensing after herbicide application. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an indicator for crop vitality, was calculated. Biomass was assessed before harvest. Yield was mapped at harvest. In 2006, 12 maize cultivars were sown in strips at Dingbuchenhof, near Erkelenz. Plots with an untreated control and plots with two doses of a sulfonylurea type herbicide were established square to the direction of the maize strips. Maize vitality was observed by visual ratings after spraying. Multispectral images were taken via airborne remote sensing and NDVI was calculated.In 2005, corn and straw biomass was significantly reduced in the treated plots within the susceptible cultivar. NDVI values and crop yields were reduced in the plots treated with sulfonylurea type herbicides. High correlations between NDVI- and yield values were calculated. However, no differences were assessed in the insusceptible maize cultivar.In 2006, overdoses of the sulfonylurea type herbicide caused vitality losses in almost all cultivars. Observations on crop vitality from visual ratings corresponded in many cases with the vitality values (NDVI) measured with remote sensing. Visual ratings can be influenced by individual estimation mistakes. By contrast, remote sensing enables numerically discrimination of herbicide injury in entire maize fields. This kind of measure may be helpful to accelerate the detection process of maize cultivars that are susceptible to herbicides. Keywords: Crop vitality, digital measure, on-farm-research, sulfonylurea type herbicidesQuantifizierung von Herbizidschäden in Mais mit Hilfe von FernerkundungMaiszüchter und Hersteller von Pflanzenschutzmitteln benötigen Informationen, um die Herbizidverträglichkeit von Maissorten frühzeitig abschätzen zu können. Es wurden Feldversuche durchgeführt, um Schädigungen von Herbiziden an Mais zu detektieren und zu quantifizieren. Im Jahr 2005 wurden Sulfonylharnstoffe im Vergleich zu einer unbehandelten Kontrolle in je einer gegenüber dieser Herbizidgruppe unempfindlichen und einer empfindlichen Maissorte appliziert (Versuchsgut Dikopshof der Universität Bonn). Nach der Herbizidapplikation wurde die Versuchsfläche aus der Luft mit einer Multispektralkamera aufgenommen. Der „Normalized Difference Vegetation Index“ (NDVI), ein Indikator für Vitalität der Pflanzen, wurde in allen Varianten berechnet. Vor der Ernte wurde die Biomasse bestimmt. Zur Ernte wurde der Ertrag in den Parzellen per Ertragskartierung erfasst. Im Jahr 2006 wurden 12 Maissorten in Streifen nebeneinander angelegt (Dingbuchenhof bei Erkelenz). Im rechten Winkel zur Anlage der Sorten wurden ebenfalls in Streifen zwei Dosierungen eines Herbizides aus der Gruppe der Sulfonylharnstoffe appliziert. Ein unbehandelter Kontrollstreifen wurde zum Vergleich ebenfalls quer über die Sorten angelegt. Die Vitalität der Sorten in den Varianten wurde visuell geschätzt. Gleichzeitig wurde die Versuchsanlage aus der Luft mit einer Multispektralkamera aufgenommen. Der NDVI wurde in allen Varianten berechnet. Ergebnisse 2005: Die Biomasse war in den behandelten Parzellen der empfindlichen Sorte stark reduziert. Ebenfalls waren die NDVI-Werte sowie die Erträge in den behandelten Parzellen wesentlich niedriger als in den unbehandelten. NDVI-Werte und Erträge waren positiv miteinander korreliert. In der unempfindlichen Maissorte gab es keine Unterschiede zwischen behandelten und unbehandelten Parzellen.Ergebnisse 2006: Überdosierungen führten zu Vitalitätsverlusten an nahezu allen getesteten Maissorten. Visuelle Schätzungen folgten dem gleichen Trend wie die NDVI-Werte. Visuelle Bonituren sind durch individuelle Schätzfehler beeinflusst und zeitintensiv. Sensorische Bestimmung der Vitalität via Fernerkundung mit Multispektralkamera ermöglicht es dagegen, Vitalitätsverluste durch Herbizide numerisch zu erfassen, wodurch der Prozess der Identifizierung von herbizidempfindlichen Maissorten beschleunigt werden könnte. Stichwörter: Digitale Messung, On-Farm-Experiment, Sulfonylharnstoffe, Vitalität von Pflanze

De constitutione magistratus summi per successionem, exercitium historico-politicum, ad modernum reipub. Svecanae statum obiter accommodatum: in qvo de causa magistratus, qvod videlicet a solo Deo tantum dependeat; tum etiam ejusdem necessitate, et utilitate, summaq[ue] majestate, qvo jure, qvave autoritate omnibus imperet; simul ac de praerogativa successionis prae electione; ex scriptis historico-politicorum simpliciter disquiritur: sub praesidio ... dn. mag. Andreae Wanochii, phil. pract. & hist: professoris ordinarii, quod, s. s. triados auxilio, Laurentius Carplan, C. f. In celeberrimâ Aboënsi Academiâ, placidae sententiarum collationi modestè submittit, in auditorio maximo, horis consvetis, die 21. Aug. anno 1688.

Arkit: ):(4, ):(4, A-M4 N2.Dedikaatio: Carl XII.Gratulaatio: Simon Tålpo, Daniel Gyldenstolpe, Petrus Laurbecchius, D. Achrelius, Andreas Wanochius, Simon A. Lilliegreen, Andreas E. Håf.Esipuhe

Katechismus-Andachten (1656)

The Catechism Devotions are comprised of 50 spiritual songs that impart all of the material in Luther`s Small Catechism in vocal form. They are regarded as an important milestone in early modern theologia catechetica that aimed at an elemental presentation of the liturgy

Communication and signal exchange in the Rhizobium bradyrhizobium legume system

A new comprehensive communication concept in the Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium legume symbiosis was developed. It includes a root zone specific flavonoid exudation, the differential activity of phenylpropane/acetate pathway derivatives on chemotaxis, nod-gene inducing activity and phytoalexin resistance induction on the microsymbiont side (Bradyrhizobium). Nod factor production from the microsymbiont affects the host plant in root hair curling and meristem induction. Phytoalexin production in the host plant is also an early response, however repressed to a low level after a few hours. Another strategy of the microsymbiont to overcome phytoalexin effects is degradation of phytoalexins in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. vicieae. Competitiveness within the same infection group of the microsymbiont was studied with gus-gene fusion, using the blue coloured nodules to easily discriminate marked strains from unmarked competitors. New exopolysaccharide (EPS) mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were reconstructed homologous with a DNA region to exoB gene of Rhizobium meliloti. Their clearly reduced competitiveness of nodulation, demonstrates that exopolysaccharides of Bradyrhizohium japonicum also have an important function during the early stages of this symbiotic interaction

Burden of disease in myasthenia gravis: taking the patient’s perspective

Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) leads to exertion-dependent muscle weakness, but also psychological and social well-being are limited. We aim to describe the burden of disease in MG including sociodemographic, economical, psychosocial as well as clinical aspects, to compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with MG to the general population (genP) and to explore risk factors for a lower HRQoL. Methods: This case-control study was conducted with MG patients of the German Myasthenia Association. A questionnaire-based survey included sociodemographic and clinical data as well as standardized questionnaires, e.g. the Short Form Health (SF-36). HRQoL was compared to genP in a matched-pairs analysis. Participants of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) served as control group. Results: In our study, 1660 MG patients participated and were compared to 2556 controls from the genP. Patients with MG showed lower levels of physical functioning (SF-36 mean 56.0, SD 30.3) compared to the genP (mean 81.8, SD 22.1, adjusted difference: 25, 95% CI 22-29) and lower mental health sub-score (SF-36 mean 67.3, SD 19.8, vs. 74.1, SD 16.7, adjusted difference: 5, 95% CI 2-8). Female gender, higher age, low income, partnership status, lower activities of daily life, symptoms of depression, anxiety and fatigue and self-perceived low social support were associated with a lower HRQoL in MG patients. Discussion: HRQoL is lower in patients with MG compared to genP. The burden of MG on patients includes economic and social aspects as well as their emotional well-being. New therapies must achieve improvements for patients in these areas

Nucleation of jet engine oil vapours is a large source of aviation-related ultrafine particles

Large airports are a major source of ultrafine particles, which spread across densely populated residential areas, affecting air quality and human health. Jet engine lubrication oils are detectable in aviation-related ultrafine particles, however, their role in particle formation and growth remains unclear. Here we show the volatility and new-particle-formation ability of a common synthetic jet oil, and the quantified oil fraction in ambient ultrafine particles downwind of Frankfurt International Airport, Germany. We find that the oil mass fraction is largest in the smallest particles (10-18 nm) with 21% on average. Combining ambient particle-phase concentration and volatility of the jet oil compounds, we determine a lower-limit saturation ratio larger than 1 × 105 for ultra-low volatility organic compounds. This indicates that the oil is an efficient nucleation agent. Our results demonstrate that jet oil nucleation is an important mechanism that can explain the abundant observations of high number concentrations of non-refractory ultrafine particles near airports

NÍVEL DE ESTRESSE OCUPACIONAL E ATIVIDADE FÍSICA EM PROFESSORES DE UMA ESCOLA ESTADUAL

Introdução: A profissão docente é considerada pela Organização Inter­nacional do Trabalho (OIT), uma das mais estressantes. Estudos envolvendo estresse no trabalho dos professores têm sido crescentes e essa tendência de pesquisas envolvendo o tema deve continuar, uma vez que o estresse ocupacional provoca um impacto negativo na saúde e consequentemente no funcionamento das instituições. Entre os fatores que geram doenças em decorrência do estresse ocupacional estão sobrecarga de trabalho, altos níveis de ansiedade e baixa qualidade de vida. Objetivo: avaliar o nível de estresse ocupacional, atividade física e características biossociais entre os professores de uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental e médio, do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: estudo transversal, quantitativo-descritivo, utilizando três questionários de autopreenchimento: um biossocial,  a escala de estresse no trabalho (EET) e para  os níveis de atividade física o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física - IPAQ versão curta, inicialmente proposto pela OMS no ano de 1998, e traduzido e validado no Brasil em 2001 por Matsudo et al.. Os dados foram analisados empregando estatística descritiva.  Resultados: houve predomínio (72%) de professores do gênero feminino, média de idade de 45,44 anos, casados (50,94 %) que lecionava dois turnos na escola (39,62 %). Em relação escolaridade dois terços (66,04) possuiam um curso de pós-graduação e 33,96% só graduação. A maioria (75,47 %) ganhou peso, média foi de 6,80 Kg; porém a maioria (54,72 %) afirmou não ter sido o estresse o responsável. A maioria (60,38 %) trabalha na sua melhor disposição, 100% gostam de trabalhar nesta escola, mas 13,21% têm intenção de deixar a escola, e 15,09 % de deixar a profissão de professor. 54,72 % dos professores tiraram licenças saúde. Conclusão: a maioria dos professores participantes deste estudo apresentaram médio nível de estresse e o restante apresentou baixo nível.