Interdisciplinary Dissertation Research Among Public Health Doctoral Trainees, 2003-2015

Given the call for more interdisciplinary research in public health, the objectives of this study were to (1) examine the correlates of interdisciplinary dissertation completion and (2) identify secondary fields most common among interdisciplinary public health graduates. METHODS: We analyzed pooled cross-sectional data from 11 120 doctoral graduates in the Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2003-2015. The primary outcome was interdisciplinary dissertation completion. Covariates included primary public health field, sociodemographic characteristics, and institutional attributes. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2015, a total of 4005 of 11 120 (36.0%) doctoral graduates in public health reported interdisciplinary dissertations, with significant increases observed in recent years. Compared with general public health graduates, graduates of environmental health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; P < .001) and health services administration (OR = 1.38; P < .001) doctoral programs were significantly more likely to report completing interdisciplinary dissertation work, whereas graduates from biostatistics (OR = 0.51; P < .001) and epidemiology (OR = 0.76; P < .001) were less likely to do so. Completing an interdisciplinary dissertation was associated with being male, a non-US citizen, a graduate of a private institution, and a graduate of an institution with high but not the highest level of research activity. Many secondary dissertation fields reported by interdisciplinary graduates included other public health fields. CONCLUSION: Although interdisciplinary dissertation research among doctoral graduates in public health has increased in recent years, such work is bounded in certain fields of public health and certain types of graduates and institutions. Academic administrators and other stakeholders may use these results to inform greater interdisciplinary activity during doctoral training and to evaluate current and future collaborations across departments or schools

The role of the insula in the generation of motor tics and the experience of the premonitory urge-to-tic in Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder of childhood onset that is characterised by the occurrence of motor and vocal tics. TS is associated with cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit [CSTC] dysfunction and hyper-excitability of cortical limbic and motor regions that are thought to lead to the occurrence of tics. Importantly, individuals with TS often report that their tics are preceded by ‘premonitory sensory/urge phenomena’ (PU) that are described as uncomfortable bodily sensations that precede the execution of a tic and are experienced as a strong urge for motor discharge. While the precise role played by PU in the occurrence of tics is largely unknown, they are nonetheless of considerable theoretical and clinical importance, not least because they form the core component in many behavioural therapies used in the treatment of tic disorders. Several lines of evidence indicate that the insular cortex may play a particularly important role in the generation of PU in TS and ‘urges-for-action’ more generally. In the current study we utilised voxel-based morphometry techniques together with ‘seed-to-voxel’ structural covariance network (SCN) mapping to investigate the putative role played by the right insular cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of PU in a relatively large group of young people TS. We demonstrate that clinical measures of motor tic severity and PU are uncorrelated with one another, that motor tic severity and PU scores are associated with separate regions of the insular cortex, and that the insula is associated with different structural covariance networks in individuals with TS compared to a matched group of typically developing individuals

A unified way of analyzing some greedy algorithms

A unified way of analyzing different greedy-type algorithms in Banach spaces is presented. We define a class of Weak Biorthogonal Greedy Algorithms and prove convergence and rate of convergence results for algorithms from this class. In particular, the following well known algorithms --- Weak Chebyshev Greedy Algorithm and Weak Greedy Algorithm with Free Relaxation --- belong to this class. We consider here one more algorithm --- Rescaled Weak Relaxed Greedy Algorithm --- from the above class. We also discuss modifications of these algorithms, which are motivated by applications. We analyze convergence and rate of convergence of the algorithms under assumption that we may perform steps of these algorithms with some errors. We call such algorithms approximate greedy algorithms. We prove convergence and rate of convergence results for the Approximate Weak Biorthogonal Greedy Algorithms. These results guarantee stability of Weak Biorthogonal Greedy Algorithms

Characterizing variability in state-level regulations governing opioid treatment programs

Abstract Introduction: The opioid use crisis has left nearly 1 million people in need of treatment. States have focused primarily on policies aimed at decreasing the prevalence of opioid use disorder. However, opioid treatment programs (OTPs), an evidence-based modality which can prevent and decrease opioid-related mortality and morbidity, remain highly complex with variation in treatment by state. A focus on evidence-based state-level regulation of OTPs may help improve the unmet need for treatment. This study characterized the variability in state laws that regulate OTPs and examines how this variability is associated with state characteristics. These data provides an opportunity for policymakers to consider regulations that increase access to care and retention in OTPs, which could improve population health. Materials and Methods: Utilizing legal mapping techniques, we identified all regulations governing OTPs in effect on January 1, 2017 and determined whether the most common regulations were consistent with best practices. We then examined how the number and type of regulations were associated with state characteristics. All legal mapping research was conducted between November 2017 and March 2019. Results: We identified 89 different regulations, the most common of which exists in fewer than half of all states; and most exist in less than 25% of states. Eighteen of the 30 most common regulations were inconsistent with best practice recommendations. Overall, variability in the number and type of OTP regulations was related to geographic location as opposed to state size or political leanings. Conclusions: Wide-ranging variability in the regulations of OTPs exists across the U.S. The majority of state OTP regulations are not congruent with best practices

The influence of path length and matrix components on ageing characteristics of transport between the choroid and the outer retina

PURPOSE. To determine the relative influence of path length and matrix components on the movement of small solutes and water between the choroid and the outer retina. METHODS. Human and bovine Bruch&apos;s membrane-choroid (BC) tissue samples were mounted in modified Ussing chambers, and the diffusion of taurine and hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was determined. In humans, diffusion of taurine was determined as a function of age of the donor. The relative contribution of Bruch&apos;s membrane in the BC complex to transport processes was measured after its removal by laser ablation. Similarly, the effect of choroidal path length was determined. In humans, tracking the trend of age-related thinning provided samples of various path lengths. In young bovine animals (Յ2 years old), choroidal thickness was adjusted by laser ablation. RESULTS. Diffusion of taurine across human BC decreased linearly from 162.7 to 105.9 nanomoles/h per 3 mm between 10 and 90 years of age (P Ͻ 0.05). Ablation of Bruch&apos;s membrane increased diffusion of taurine from 129 to 287.9 nanomoles/h per 4 mm in human (donor age 55, 74, and 82 years; P Ͻ 0.005) but caused no statistically significant change in bovine BC. Diffusion of taurine across bovine BC was greater in samples with partially ablated choroid (218 nanomoles/h per 4 mm) than in normal control samples (128.75 nanomoles/h per 4 mm). Lp was not measurable in bovine samples after complete ablation of Bruch&apos;s membrane, but did not change significantly as the choroid thinned. CONCLUSIONS. The data suggest that both path length and matrix components contribute to the decline of diffusion of small solutes across BC with age. The importance of matrix components was also demonstrated in restricting the movement of water while choroidal thickness played little if any role. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:1493-1498) DOI:10.1167/ iovs.03-0765 A ge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of untreatable legal blindness in the Western world. At present the etiology and genetic predisposition are unknown, but the risk of development of some form of visual loss due to age-related processes in the macula is 30% at the age of 80 years. 1,2 In the macular region of the human fundus, maintenance of photoreceptor function and viability are inherently dependent on an adequate transport capacity for nutrients between the outer retina and the choroidal circulation. 3,4 An understanding of the relationship between structural ageing changes of Bruch&apos;s membrane and the choroid and its transport characteristics is essential for predicting the physiological and pathologic effects of the ageing process. In the ageing eye, Bruch&apos;s membrane progressively increases in thickness by 135% from 2 m in the first decade to 4.7 m in the 10th decade. 5 Simultaneously, choroidal thickness decreases by 57% from 193.5 to 83.5 m, including a decrease of diameter of the choriocapillaris by 34% from 9.8 to 6.5 m. 5 Choriocapillary density decreases by 45%

Reproductive Success of Eastern Bluebirds (Siala sialis) on Suburban Golf Courses

Understanding the role of green space in urban—suburban landscapes is becoming critical for bird conservation because of rampant habitat loss and conversion. Although not natural habitat, golf courses could play a role in bird conservation if they support breeding populations of some native species, yet scientists remain skeptical. In 2003–2009, we measured reproduction of Eastern Bluebirds (Siala sialis) in Virginia on golf courses and surrounding reference habitats, of the type that would have been present had golf courses not been developed on these sites (e.g., recreational parks, cemeteries, agriculture land, and college campus). We monitored \u3e650 nest boxes and 2,255 nest attempts (n = 1,363 golf course, n = 892 reference site). We used an information-theoretic modeling approach to evaluate whether conditions on golf courses affected timing of breeding, investment, or nest productivity compared with nearby reference sites. We found that Eastern Bluebirds breeding on golf courses reproduced as well as those breeding in other disturbed habitats. Habitat type had no effect on initial reproductive investment, including date of clutch initiation or clutch size ( = 4 eggs). During incubation and hatching, eggs in nests on golf courses had higher hatching rates (80%) and brood sizes ( = 4.0 nestlings brood-1) than nests on reference sites (75% hatching rate; = 3.8 nestlings brood-1). Mortality of older nestlings was also lower on golf courses and, on average, golf course nests produced 0.3 more fledglings than nests on reference sites. Thus, within a matrix of human-dominated habitats, golf courses may support productive populations of some avian species that can tolerate moderate levels of disturbance, like Eastern Bluebirds

Predictors of Epstein-Barr virus serostatus and implications for vaccine policy: A systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human pathogen; it infects >90% people globally and is linked to infectious mononucleosis and several types of cancer. Vaccines against EBV are in development. In this study we present the first systematic review of the literature on risk factors for EBV infection, and discuss how they differ between settings, in order to improve our understanding of EBV epidemiology and aid the design of effective vaccination strategies. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched on 6th March 2017 for observational studies of risk factors for EBV infection. Studies were excluded if they were published before 2008 to ensure relevance to the modern day, given the importance of influencing future vaccination policies. There were no language restrictions. After title, abstract and full text screening, followed by checking the reference lists of included studies to identify further studies, data were extracted into standardised spreadsheets and quality assessed. A narrative synthesis was undertaken. RESULTS: Seventy-seven papers met our inclusion criteria, including data from 31 countries. There was consistent evidence that EBV seroprevalence was associated with age, increasing throughout childhood and adolescence and remaining constant thereafter. EBV was generally acquired at younger ages in Asia than Europe/North America. There was also compelling evidence for an association between cytomegalovirus infection and EBV. Additional factors associated with EBV seroprevalence, albeit with less consistent evidence, included ethnicity, socioeconomic status, other chronic viral infections, and genetic variants of HLA and immune response genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first systematic review to draw together the global literature on the risk factors for EBV infection and includes an evaluation of the quality of the published evidence. Across the literature, the factors examined are diverse. In Asia, early vaccination of infants would be required to prevent EBV infection. In contrast, in Western countries a vaccine could be deployed later, particularly if it has only a short duration of protection and the intention was to protect against infectious mononucleosis. There is a lack of high-quality data on the prevalence and age of EBV infection outside of Europe, North America and South-East Asia, which are essential for informing effective vaccination policies in these settings

Policing unacceptable protest in England and Wales: A case study of the policing of anti-fracking protests

In recent years public order policing policy in England and Wales has undergone significant changes. A ‘human rights compliant’ model of protest policing has been developed since 2009 and this article makes a contribution to the body of academic work considering the impact of these changes on operational policing. Drawing upon a longitudinal case study of the policing of protests against ‘fracking’ in Salford, Greater Manchester, in 2013-2014, the article contrasts post-2009 policy and academic discourses on protest policing with the experiences of anti-fracking protesters. To develop this assessment, the article also draws attention to previously unexplored definitions of acceptable and unacceptable protest set out by police in more recent policy, and considers the extent to which these definitions are reflected in the police response to anti-fracking protest. The article suggests that a police commitment to a human rights approach to protest facilitation is, at least in the case of anti-fracking protest, contingent on the focus and form of political activism

Assessing the psychometric and ecometric properties of neighborhood scales using adolescent survey data from urban and rural Scotland

This work was supported by NHS Health Scotland and the University of St Andrews.Background:  Despite the well-established need for specific measurement instruments to examine the relationship between neighborhood conditions and adolescent well-being outcomes, few studies have developed scales to measure features of the neighborhoods in which adolescents reside. Moreover, measures of neighborhood features may be operationalised differently by adolescents living in different levels of urban/rurality. This has not been addressed in previous studies. The objectives of this study were to: 1) establish instruments to measure adolescent neighborhood features at both the individual and neighborhood level, 2) assess their psychometric and ecometric properties, 3) test for invariance by urban/rurality, and 4) generate neighborhood level scores for use in further analysis. Methods:  Data were from the Scottish 2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey, which included an over-sample of rural adolescents. The survey responses of interest came from questions designed to capture different facets of the local area in which each respondent resided. Intermediate data zones were used as proxies for neighborhoods. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha. Invariance was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Multilevel models were used to estimate ecometric properties and generate neighborhood scores. Results:  Two constructs labeled neighborhood social cohesion and neighborhood disorder were identified. Adjustment was made to the originally specified model to improve model fit and measures of invariance. At the individual level, reliability was .760 for social cohesion and .765 for disorder, and between .524 and .571 for both constructs at the neighborhood level. Individuals in rural areas experienced greater neighborhood social cohesion and lower levels of neighborhood disorder compared with those in urban areas. Conclusions:  The scales are appropriate for measuring neighborhood characteristics experienced by adolescents across urban and rural Scotland, and can be used in future studies of neighborhoods and health. However, trade-offs between neighborhood sample size and reliability must be considered.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The Micropolitics of Obesity: Materialism, Markets and Food Sovereignty

This article shifts focus from an individualised and anthropocentric perspective on obesity, and uses a new materialist analysis to explore the assemblages of materialities producing fat and slim bodies. We report data from a study of adults’ accounts of food decision-making and practices, investigating circulations of matter and desires that affect the production, distribution, accumulation and dispersal of fat, and disclose a micropolitics of obesity, which affects bodies in both ‘becoming-fat’ and ‘becoming-slim’ assemblages. These assemblages comprise bodies, food, fat, physical environments, food producers and processing industries, supermarkets and other food retailers and outlets, diet regimens and weight loss clubs, and wider social, cultural and economic formations, along with the thoughts, feelings, ideas and human desires concerning food consumption and obesity. The analysis reveals the significance of the marketisation of food, and discusses whether public health responses to obesity should incorporate a food sovereignty component