MAP: Multimodal Uncertainty-Aware Vision-Language Pre-training Model

Multimodal semantic understanding often has to deal with uncertainty, which means the obtained messages tend to refer to multiple targets. Such uncertainty is problematic for our interpretation, including inter- and intra-modal uncertainty. Little effort has studied the modeling of this uncertainty, particularly in pre-training on unlabeled datasets and fine-tuning in task-specific downstream datasets. In this paper, we project the representations of all modalities as probabilistic distributions via a Probability Distribution Encoder (PDE) by utilizing sequence-level interactions. Compared to the existing deterministic methods, such uncertainty modeling can convey richer multimodal semantic information and more complex relationships. Furthermore, we integrate uncertainty modeling with popular pre-training frameworks and propose suitable pre-training tasks: Distribution-based Vision-Language Contrastive learning (D-VLC), Distribution-based Masked Language Modeling (D-MLM), and Distribution-based Image-Text Matching (D-ITM). The fine-tuned models are applied to challenging downstream tasks, including image-text retrieval, visual question answering, visual reasoning, and visual entailment, and achieve state-of-the-art results.Comment: CVPR 2023 accep

Ward Identities of W_{\infty} Symmetry and Higher Genus Amplitudes in 2D String Theory

The Ward identities of the $W_{\infty}$ symmetry in two dimensional string theory in the tachyon background are studied in the continuum approach. We consider amplitudes different from 2D string ones by the external leg factor and derive the recursion relations among them. The recursion relations have non-linear terms which give relations among the amplitudes defined on different genus. The solutions agree with the matrix model results even in higher genus. We also discuss differences of roles of the external leg factor between the $c_M = 1$ model and the $c_M <1$ model.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, 5 figures. Revised version published in Nucl. Phys. B. Errors of coefficients in some formula and the potential term are corrected. Some sentences are rewritte

Black Hairy Tongue Associated with Erlotinib Treatment in a Patient with Advanced Lung Cancer

Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). There have been many reports of the mucocutaneous side effects related to several EGFR inhibitors (EGFRIs). However, no case of black hairy tongue (BHT) associated with EGFRI has been reported. Herein, we report the first case of erlotinib-induced BHT in a 61-year-old man with advanced lung cancer. Considering recent use of EGFRIs worldwide, dermatologists should recognize the possible occurrence of BHT associated with EGFRIs such as erlotinib

Linear dynamics of weakly viscous accretion disks: A disk analog of Tollmien-Schlichting waves

This paper discusses new perspectives and approaches to the problem of disk dynamics where, in this study, we focus on the effects of viscous instabilities influenced by boundary effects. The Boussinesq approximation of the viscous large shearing box equations is analyzed in which the azimuthal length scale of the disturbance is much larger than the radial and vertical scales. We examine the stability of a non-axisymmetric potential vorticity mode, i.e. a PV-anomaly. in a configuration in which buoyant convection and the strato-rotational instability do not to operate. We consider a series of boundary conditions which show the PV-anomaly to be unstable both on a finite and semi-infinite radial domains. We find these conditions leading to an instability which is the disk analog of Tollmien-Schlichting waves. When the viscosity is weak, evidence of the instability is most pronounced by the emergence of a vortex sheet at the critical layer located away from the boundary where the instability is generated. For some boundary conditions a necessary criterion for the onset of instability for vertical wavelengths that are a sizable fraction of the layer's thickness and when the viscosity is small is that the appropriate Froude number of the flow be greater than one. This instability persists if more realistic boundary conditions are applied, although the criterion on the Froude number is more complicated. The unstable waves studied here share qualitative features to the instability seen in rotating Blasius boundary layers. The implications of these results are discussed. An overall new strategy for exploring and interpreting disk instability mechanisms is also suggested.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 18 pages. This version 3 with corrected style fil

Quarkonium from the Fifth Dimension

Adding fundamental matter of mass m_Q to N=4 Yang Mills theory, we study quarkonium, and "generalized quarkonium" containing light adjoint particles. At large 't Hooft coupling the states of spin<=1 are anomalously light (Kruczenski et al., hep-th/0304032). We examine their form factors, and show these hadrons are unlike any known in QCD. By a traditional yardstick they appear infinite in size (as with strings in flat space) but we show that this is a failure of the yardstick. All of the hadrons are actually of finite size ~ \sqrt{g^2N}/m_Q, regardless of their radial excitation level and of how many valence adjoint particles they contain. Certain form factors for spin-1 quarkonia vanish in the large-g^2N limit; thus these hadrons resemble neither the observed J/Psi quarkonium states nor rho mesons.Comment: 57 pages, LaTeX, 5 figure

Recursion Relations in Liouville Gravity coupled to Ising Model satisfying Fusion Rules

The recursion relations of 2D quantum gravity coupled to the Ising model discussed by the author previously are reexamined. We study the case in which the matter sector satisfies the fusion rules and only the primary operators inside the Kac table contribute. The theory involves unregularized divergences in some of correlators. We obtain the recursion relations which form a closed set among well-defined correlators on sphere, but they do not have a beautiful structure that the bosonized theory has and also give an inconsistent result when they include an ill-defined correlator with the divergence. We solve them and compute the several normalization independent ratios of the well-defined correlators, which agree with the matrix model results.Comment: Latex, 22 page

How the Space Environment Affects Seed Germination and Growth

Understanding observed space environment effects on biological organisms such seeds are important in design of long duration space missions, such as to those planned for Mars, where appropriate storage and growth of food resources is essential. Evaluation of the effects of the real and simulated space environment on seed germination and growth in space is the purpose of this research. Preliminary tests of germination rate and growth of radish seeds in a controlled environment have identified statistically significant differences between control samples and seeds flown for 30 days in low earth orbit on the Bion M-1 launch capsule Russian research flight in 2013. Most significantly, average germination of space exposed radish seeds was 2 days less than the 6 days observed for the control seed group. Seed coats of the control group, space-exposed, and vibration-exposed seed were also inspected by LHS and USU students for physical changes. Observed changes in both the space-exposed and vibration-exposed seeds coats included the production of proteins presumably related to defense of the embryo from soil pathogens during seed germination. Previous research by others has shown production of anti-fungal proteins in radish seed coats is initiated by disturbance. Effects to germination rate from ionizing radiation up to 1 kGy were studied. Radiation exposure occurred with a custom biological exposure test chamber designed by Tsukuba students for the USU Materials Physics Group Space Survivability Test (SST) chamber, which is designed to mimic low-earth and geosynchronous orbital environments. * USU STARS! GEAR UP partnership # Partially funded by Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO), and University of Tsukub

Temperature evolution of magnetic phases near the thickness-dependent metal-insulator transition in La1−x_{1-x}Srx_xMnO3_3 thin films observed by XMCD

Perovskite-type manganites, which are well-known for their intriguing physical properties such as colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and half metalicity, have been considered as candidate materials for spintronics. However, their ferromagnetic (FM) properties are often suppressed in thin films when the thickness is reduced down to several monolayers (MLs). In order to investigate how the magnetic phases evolve near the paramagnetic (PM)-to-FM phase transition boundary, we have performed temperature-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) experiments on a La$_{1-x}$Sr$_{x}$MnO$_3$ (LSMO, $x=0.4$) thin film, whose thickness (8 ML) is close to the boundary between the FM-metallic and the PM-insulating phases. By utilizing the element-selectiveness of XMCD, we have quantitatively estimated the fractions of the PM and superparamagnetic (SPM) phases as well as the FM one as a function of temperature. The results can be reasonably described based on a microscopic phase-separation model.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Transcatheter coil embolization of the inferior epigastric artery in a huge abdominal wall hematoma caused by paracentesis in a patient with liver cirrhosis

Therapeutic paracentesis is considered to be a relatively safe procedure and is performed commonly for the control of massive ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis. The commonest puncture site, approximately 4 or 5 cm medial of left anterior superior iliac spine, can be located across the route of the inferior epigastric artery, which is one of the sites of potential massive bleeding. In a 46-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis and refractory ascites, a huge abdominal wall hematoma developed after therapeutic paracentesis. The patient was not stabilized by conservative treatment, and inferior epigastric artery injury was confirmed on angiography. Angiographic coil embolization of the inferior epigastric artery was conducted, after which the bleeding ceased and the hematoma stopped growing. This case indicates that physicians performing paracentesis should be aware of the possibility of inferior epigastric artery injury and consider early angiographic coil embolization when a life-threatening abdominal wall hematoma develops

Synthesis of 1-Substituted Carbazolyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- and Carbazolyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline Analogs as Potential Antitumor Agents

A series of 1-substituted carbazolyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- and carbazolyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity against human tumor cells including KB, DLD, NCI-H661, Hepa, and HepG2/A2 cell lines. Among these, compounds 2, 6, 7, and 9 exhibited the most potent and selective activity against the tested tumor cells. As for inhibition of topoisomerase II, compounds 1–14 and 18 showed better activity than etoposide. Among them, compounds 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 exhibited potent activity. The structure and activity relationship (SAR) study revealed correlation between carbon numbers of the side chain and biological activities. The molecular complex with DNA for compound 2 was proposed