Modelling trends in digit preference patterns

Digit preference is the habit of reporting certain end digits more often than others. If such a misreporting pattern is a concern, then measures to reduce digit preference can be taken and monitoring changes in digit preference becomes important. We propose a two-dimensional penalized composite link model to estimate the true distributions unaffected by misreporting, the digit preference pattern and a trend in the preference pattern simultaneously. A transfer pattern is superimposed on a series of smooth latent distributions and is modulated along a second dimension. Smoothness of the latent distributions is enforced by a roughness penalty. Ridge regression with an L1-penalty is used to extract the misreporting pattern, and an additional weighted least squares regression estimates the modulating trend vector. Smoothing parameters are selected by the Akaike information criterion. We present a simulation study and apply the model to data on birth weight and on self-reported weight of adults

Fast calculation of real fluid properties for steam turbine CFD analysis with the new IAPWS standard on the spline-based table look-Up method (SBTL)

Workshop byl částečně podpořen projektem CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0139. Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky

Information measures and design issues in the study of mortality deceleration: findings for the gamma-Gompertz model

Mortality deceleration, or the slowing down of death rates at old ages, has been repeatedly investigated, but empirical studies of this phenomenon have produced mixed results. The scarcity of observations at the oldest ages complicates the statistical assessment of mortality deceleration, even in the parsimonious parametric framework of the gamma-Gompertz model considered here. The need for thorough verification of the ages at death can further limit the available data. As logistical constraints may only allow to validate survivors beyond a certain (high) age, samples may be restricted to a certain age range. If we can quantify the effects of the sample size and the age range on the assessment of mortality deceleration, we can make recommendations for study design. For that purpose, we propose applying the concept of the Fisher information and ideas from the theory of optimal design. We compute the Fisher information matrix in the gamma-Gompertz model, and derive information measures for comparing the performance of different study designs. We then discuss interpretations of these measures. The special case in which the frailty variance takes the value of zero and lies on the boundary of the parameter space is given particular attention. The changes in information related to varying sample sizes or age ranges are investigated for specific scenarios. The Fisher information also allows us to study the power of a likelihood ratio test to detect mortality deceleration depending on the study design. We illustrate these methods with a study of mortality among late nineteenth-century French-Canadian birth cohorts.Development and application of statistical models for medical scientific researc

Joint modeling of interval counts of recurrent events and death

When a recurrent event process is ended by death, this may imply dependent censoring if the two processes are associated. Such dependent censoring would have to be modeled to obtain a valid inference. Moreover, the dependence between the recurrence process and the terminal event may be the primary topic of interest. Joint frailty models for recurrent events and death, which include a separate dependence parameter, have been proposed for exactly observed recurrence times. However, in many situations, only the number of events experienced during consecutive time intervals are available. We propose a method for estimating a joint frailty model based on such interval counts and observed or independently censored terminal events. The baseline rates of the two processes are modeled by piecewise constant functions, and Gaussian quadrature is used to approximate the marginal likelihood. Covariates can be included in a proportional rates setting. The observation intervals for the recurrent event counts can differ between individuals. Furthermore, we adapt a score test for the association between recurrent events and death to the setting in which only individual interval counts are observed. We study the performance of both approaches via simulation studies, and exemplify the methodology in a biodemographic study of the dependence between budding rates and mortality in the species Eleutheria dichotoma.Development and application of statistical models for medical scientific researc

Solution of inverse problem - regularization via thermodynamical criterion

In engineering practice, measuring temperature on both sides of a wall (of, for example, turbine casing or combustion chamber) is not always possible. On the other hand, measurement of both temperature and heat flux on the outer surface of the wall is possible. For transient heat conduction equation, measurements of temperature and heat flux supplemented by the initial condition state the Cauchy problem, which is ill-conditioned In this paper, the stable solution is obtained for the Cauchy problem using the Laplace transformation and the minimisation of continuity in the process of integration of convolution. Test examples confirm proposed algorithm for the inverse problem solution.Papers presented to the 12th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Costa de Sol, Spain on 11-13 July 2016

Responses of a native and a recent invader snail to warming and dry conditions: the case of the lower Ebro River

Aquatic habitats have been highly modified by human actions that reduce their native diversity and create conditions suitable for tolerant alien species. Pomacea maculata was detected in 2009 in both the alluvial plain and the final stretch of the Ebro River. Since then, a permanent population has stabilized in the littoral area of the river where the water level fluctuates according to the river discharge. Melanopsis tricarinata is an endemic snail species highly affected by the reduction in its natural habitat. Currently, the two species do not share the same reaches in the river, but the possibility exists, as the distribution of the P. maculata is constantly increasing. This study aims to analyse the diets and to assess the responses of both snails to global change. The diet of both species was analysed in the field and their responses to water warming and dryness compared under laboratory conditions. This study includes the calculation of future river water temperatures based on air temperature projections. In addition, based on water discharge management scenarios, the study estimated the increase in dry river bed area. The diet of both snail species was similar and based on Cladophora. P. maculata better resisted high temperatures and dry conditions than M. tricarinata. The projections of water temperatures showed an increase in daily temperatures, especially in summer. The hydraulic model suggested that a relevant increase in dry river bed areas will occur. Overall, these results provide insight into the global change factors that could favour P. maculata spread in the river and the reduction in suitable habitat for M. tricarinata and will be useful for future decisions of water discharge management

Increasing impact of warm droughts on northern ecosystem productivity over recent decades

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: The data to reproduce and further interpret the main results presented are publicly available at figshare. The TRENDY v.6 datasets applied in this study have been preprocessed by M.O. and are available from the University of Exeter (https://doi.org/10.24378/exe.2883) and on request. The original TRENDY v.6 datasets can be requested from S. Sitch ([email protected]) and P. Friedlingstein ([email protected]). The FLUXCOM dataset is publicly available through the FLUXCOM data portal (https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/geodb/projects/FileDetails.php). The LUE datasets are provided by W.K.S. and publicly available at https://wkolby.org/data-code/. The CRUNCEP reanalysis data are available through the Climatic Research Unit data portal (https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/ncep/#dataset_access).Code availability: All relevant codes to reproduce the figures presented in this study are publicly available at figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14845005). Further codes and materials are available from D.G. on request.Climate extremes such as droughts and heatwaves have a large impact on terrestrial carbon uptake by reducing gross primary production (GPP). While the evidence for increasing frequency and intensity of climate extremes over the last decades is growing, potential systematic adverse shifts in GPP have not been assessed. Using observationally-constrained and process-based model data, we estimate that particularly northern midlatitude ecosystems experienced a +10.6% increase in negative GPP extremes in the period 2000–2016 compared to 1982–1998. We attribute this increase predominantly to a greater impact of warm droughts, in particular over northern temperate grasslands (+95.0% corresponding mean increase) and croplands (+84.0%), in and after the peak growing season. These results highlight the growing vulnerability of ecosystem productivity to warm droughts, implying increased adverse impacts of these climate extremes on terrestrial carbon sinks as well as a rising pressure on global food security.Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)Helmholtz Initiative and Networking FundNewton FundNAS

Structural insights into regulation of nuclear receptors by ligands

Nuclear receptors are DNA-binding transcription factors, the transcriptional function of many of which depends on the binding of ligands, a feature that distinguishes nuclear receptors from other transcription factors. This review will summarize recent advances in our knowledge of the interaction between selected nuclear receptors and their cognate ligands

Revisiting mortality deceleration patterns in a gamma-Gompertz-Makeham framework

We calculate life-table aging rates (LARs) for overall mortality by estimating a gamma-Gompertz-Makeham (G GM) model and taking advantage of LAR’s parametric representation by Vaupel and Zhang [34]. For selected HMD countries, we study how the evolution of estimated LAR patterns could explain observed 1) longevity dynamics, and 2) mortality improvement or deterioration at different ages. Surprisingly, the age of mortality deceleration x showed almost no correlation with a number of longevity measures apart from e0. In addition, as mortality concentrates at older ages with time, its characteristic bell-shaped pattern becomes more pronounced. Moreover, in a GGM framework, we identify the impact of senescent mortality on shape of the rate of population aging. We also find evidence for a strong relationship between x and the statistically significant curvilinear changes in the evolution of e0 over time. Finally, model-based LARs appear to be consistent with point b) of the “heterogeneity hypothesis” [12]: mortality deceleration, due to selection effects, should shift to older ages as the level of total adult mortality declines