Unraveling the simultaneous shock magnetization and demagnetization of rocks

International audienceIn the natural case of an hypervelocity impact on a planetary or asteroidal surface, two competing phenomena occur: partial or complete shock demagnetization of pre-existing remanence and acquisition of shock remanent magnetization (SRM). In this paper, to better understand the effects of shock on the magnetic history of rocks, we simulate this natural case through laser shock experiments in controlled magnetic field. As previously shown, SRM is strictly proportional to the ambient field at the time of impact and parallel to the ambient field. Moreover, there is no directional or intensity heterogeneity of the SRM down to the scale of ∼0.2mm. We also show that the intensity of SRM is independent of the initial remanence state of the rock. Shock demagnetization and magnetization appear to be distinct phenomena that do not necessarily affect identical populations of grains. As such, shock demagnetization is not a limiting case of shock magnetization in zero field

Laser Shock Adhesion Test (LASAT) of electron beam physical vapor deposited thermal barrier coatings (EB-PVD TBCs)

International audienceDamage prediction, adhesion strength and remaining lifetime of TBC are highly important data for understanding and preventing TBC spallation on blades. LAser Shock Adhesion Test (LASAT) is a powerful method to measure adhesion of coating due to its rapidity, simplicity and capabilities to distinguish different strength levels and the easy damage observation in case of TBCs. A new protocol of LASAT has been introduced in order to measure the adhesion level of the ceramic coating from the exploitation of the two-dimensional effects that promotes a shock wave pressure-dependent size of the damage. Finite element modeling, taking into account the TBCs dimensions, showed the edges effect on interfacial stress applied by laser shock

Étude expérimentale de l’endommagement de composites sous choc LASER

Dans un contexte de mise en œuvre croissante des composites dans les secteurs aéronautiques et de la défense, la compréhension de leur comportement sous choc et de l’endommagement induit est un point crucial développé dans cette étude. Des LASER impulsionnels intenses sont mis en œuvre pour la génération d’impacts localisés et calibrés sur ces matériaux complexes, supportés par de nombreux diagnostics en temps réel et post-choc pour l’étude et la quantification de l’endommagement dynamique

The inherent matrix properties of lichen metabolites in MALDI-TOF MS

RATIONALE: Light-absorbing secondary metabolites from lichens were recently reported to exhibit promising Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI) properties, enabling their direct detection from crude lichen extracts. In addition, many of them display close structural homologies to commercial Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) matrices, which is incentive for the evaluation of their matrical properties. The current study systematically evaluated the matrix effects of several structural classes of lichen metabolites: monoaromatic compounds, quinone derivatives, dibenzofuran-related molecules and the shikimate-derived vulpinic acid. Their matrical properties were tested against a wide range of structurally diverse analytes including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids and peptides. METHODS: Triplicate automatic positive-ion mode MALDI analyses were carried out and ionization efficiencies were compared with those of structurally related reference matrices (i.e DHB, HCCA, dithranol and usnic acid) in terms of (i) analyte absolute intensities and (ii) Matrix Suppressing Effect (MSE) scores. RESULTS: Monoaromatic lichen metabolites revealed matrical properties similar to those of DHB under similar experimental conditions. Likewise, anthraquinone metabolites triggered ionization of tested analytes in a similar way to the structurally related dithranol. Finally, dibenzofuran derivatives displayed a broad ionization profile, reminiscent of that of (+)-usnic acid. CONCLUSIONS: Lichen metabolites exhibit interesting matrix properties, especially for MALDI of medium and low molecular weight analytes. For many of the tested molecules, matrix ion formation was very limited. This proof-of-concept study paves the way for follow-up investigations to assess the matrix properties of lichen metabolites against a wider array of analytes as well as adapting experimental settings to individually optimize the performance of successfully tested candidates

Diversity and Functional Traits of Lichens in Ultramafic Areas: A Literature Based Worldwide Analysis Integrated by Field Data at the Regional Scale

While higher plant communities found on ultramafics are known to display peculiar characteristics, the distinguishability of any peculiarity in lichen communities is still a matter of contention. Other biotic or abiotic factors, rather than substrate chemistry, may contribute to differences in species composition reported for lichens on adjacent ultramafic and non-ultramafic areas. This work examines the lichen biota of ultramafics, at global and regional scales, with reference to species-specific functional traits. An updated world list of lichens on ultramafic substrates was analyzed to verify potential relationships between diversity and functional traits of lichens in different Köppen–Geiger climate zones. Moreover, a survey of diversity and functional traits in saxicolous communities on ultramafic and non-ultramafic substrates was conducted in Valle d’Aosta (North-West Italy) to verify whether a relationship can be detected between substrate and functional traits that cannot be explained by other environmental factors related to altitude. Analyses (unweighted pair group mean average clustering, canonical correspondence analysis, similarity-difference-replacement simplex approach) of global lichen diversity on ultramafic substrates (2314 reports of 881 taxa from 43 areas) displayed a zonal species distribution in different climate zones rather than an azonal distribution driven by the shared substrate. Accordingly, variations in the frequency of functional attributes reflected reported adaptations to the climate conditions of the different geographic areas. At the regional scale, higher similarity and lower species replacement were detected at each altitude, independent from the substrate, suggesting that altitude-related climate factors prevail over putative substrate–factors in driving community assemblages. In conclusion, data do not reveal peculiarities in lichen diversity or the frequency of functional traits in ultramafic areas

Application of the laser spallation technique to the measurement of the adhesion strength of tungsten carbide coatings on superalloy substrates

High power pulsed lasers are used to induce shock waves in Hastelloy X targets coated with tungsten carbide of 70 μm and 50 μm thickness. In suitable irradiation conditions, a debonding of the substrate/coating interface due to the generation of tensile stresses is observed. Experimental results are analyzed with the use of numerical simulations yielding the stress history at interface and its dependence on laser pulse intensity up to 600 GW/cm2 with 1 ns and 3 ns durations under direct irradiation, and 23 ns with water confinement. As a consequence of shock decay during the propagation through the substrate, a strong variation of incident intensity results in a small variation of tensile stress. This allows an accurate determination of the debonding threshold which is found in the range of 1.0 to 1.3 GPa for short laser pulses (1 and 3 ns) and 0.5 to 0.6 GPa for long laser pulses (23 ns confined)