REFLEX RESPONSES TO LOCAL SOLEUS MUSCLE VIBRATION

The aims of the present work was i. to investigate the acute effects of prolonged vibratory stimulation on short-latency stretch reflexes (SLR) of soleus muscle, ii. to assess effects of vibration on parameters of the H-reflex and M-wave stimulus-response curves. There were no changes in the EMG of SLR. During vibration H-reflex amplitudes decreased but H-reflex threshold current increased. None of the H-reflex parameters showed timedependent changes. In contrast, maximum M-wave magnitude (MMAX) decreased after 30min of sustained vibration. The analysis suggests differential effects of presynaptic inhibition on ��-motoneurons. The vibration parameters have no effect on excitability of afferent and efferent fibers. The depression of the MMAX after vibratory stimulation may be related to neuromuscular transmission failure and/or reduced sarcolemmal excitability

Individual Variation Of Bowstring Release In High Level Archery: A Comparative Case Study

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Toward the Standardization of Biochar Analysis: The COST Action TD1107 Interlaboratory Comparison

Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical–chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future.ISSN:0021-8561ISSN:1520-511