Fray Alberto arquitecto (1575 – 1635): José Luis García Martínez y José Miguel Muñoz Jiménez

Much of the baroque architecture was the work of religious men of the we do not know, perhaps for being humility one of his necessary virtues. However, this ignorance is surprising in the case of the Carmelite Fray Alberto de la Madre de Dios, given his enormous stature and work, ignorance that has even sometimes turned into denial on the part of some uninformed author. And the thing is that he, of whom Chueca Goitia said that he had been the initiator of the Baroque in Castile, is the proven author of nearly eighty works and supposedly of as many others, as is more than accredited in the book reviewed here.Gran parte de la arquitectura barroca fue obra de religiosos de los que no sabemos su nombre, por ser quizá la humildad una de sus virtudes necesarias. Sorprende sin embargo esta ignorancia en el caso del carmelita Fray Alberto de la Madre de Dios, dada su enorme talla y obra, ignorancia que incluso en ocasiones se ha convertido en negación por parte de algún autor desinformado. Y es que aquel, de quien dijo Chueca Goitia que había sido el iniciador del Barroco en Castilla, es autor demostrado de cerca de ochenta obras y supuesto de otras tantas, como queda más que acreditado en el libro aquí reseñado

Fray Alberto arquitecto (1575 – 1635): José Luis García Martínez y José Miguel Muñoz Jiménez

Much of the baroque architecture was the work of religious men of the we do not know, perhaps for being humility one of his necessary virtues. However, this ignorance is surprising in the case of the Carmelite Fray Alberto de la Madre de Dios, given his enormous stature and work, ignorance that has even sometimes turned into denial on the part of some uninformed author. And the thing is that he, of whom Chueca Goitia said that he had been the initiator of the Baroque in Castile, is the proven author of nearly eighty works and supposedly of as many others, as is more than accredited in the book reviewed here.Gran parte de la arquitectura barroca fue obra de religiosos de los que no sabemos su nombre, por ser quizá la humildad una de sus virtudes necesarias. Sorprende sin embargo esta ignorancia en el caso del carmelita Fray Alberto de la Madre de Dios, dada su enorme talla y obra, ignorancia que incluso en ocasiones se ha convertido en negación por parte de algún autor desinformado. Y es que aquel, de quien dijo Chueca Goitia que había sido el iniciador del Barroco en Castilla, es autor demostrado de cerca de ochenta obras y supuesto de otras tantas, como queda más que acreditado en el libro aquí reseñado

Variación espacial y temporal de la producción primaria neta aérea y secundaria neta

Las actividades humanas impactan fuertemente sobre los procesos de los ecosistemas. En los sistemas ganaderos, las actividades humanas intentan maximizar el flujo de energía hacia la productividad secundaria. Las consecuencias sobre la transferencia de energía desde la productividad primaria neta aérea (PPNA)a la producción secundaria neta no están totalmente establecidas. Varios estudios describieron la relación entre la carga animal y la PPNA a lo largo de gradientes regionales de recursos, tanto en sistemas naturales como ganaderos. Pero persisten al menos tres vacíos de conocimiento sobre los sistemas ganaderos que fueron abordados en esta tesis. En primer lugar, no se conocía la relación entre la producción secundaria neta y la PPNA, a lo largo de un gradiente regional de recursos y se desconocía la medida en que la actividad humana afectaba diferencialmente a los procesos parciales entre la PPNA y la producción secundaria : la eficiencia de cosecha (consumo / PPNA)y la eficiencia de producción (producción secundaria / consumo). En segundo lugar, no se conocía la relación entre la variabilidad interanual del flujo de entrada de energía, la PPNA, y el de salida, la producción secundaria neta, entre sitios que difieren por la disponibilidad de recursos o por el impacto humano. Asociado a esto existían escasos antecedentes sobre la relación entre producción secundaria, o algún determinante de esta, y la disponibilidad de recursos a través del tiempo. En particular, no existían evidencias de si esta relación temporal cambiaba a lo largo de un gradiente espacial y regional de recursos. En tercer lugar, eran muy escasos los antecedentes sobre las variaciones estacionales del índice de cosecha, y la incidencia de la carga y la PPNA sobre tales variaciones. Para abordar los primeros dos vacíos de conocimiento se compiló información de precipitación, carga animal y producción secundaria, tanto de sistemas naturales como de sistemas ganaderos. La información de sistemas naturales se obtuvo de búsquedas bibliográficas y compilaciones a nivel mundial ya publicadas. La de los sistemas ganaderos se obtuvo de dos fuentes. La primera, contempló información de 113 establecimientos ubicados a lo largo de un amplio gradiente de precipitación regional el de Argentina, pertencecientes en su mayoría la movimiento CREA. La segunda, se realizó a partir de la información brindada por el plan nacional de vacunación de aftosa para departamentos ubicados al norte del río Colorado. Para este último análisis, se estimó la PPNA a partir de información satelital, usando la lógica del modelo propuesto por Monteith (...)Para abordar el tercer vacío de conocimiento, se llevó adelante un ensayo en el que se manipularon la PPNA y su calidad, a través de dos comunidades vegetales diferentes, y la carga animal, a través de tres niveles. Este ensayo se condujo a lo largo de un año para evaluar la dinámica estacional del índice de cosecha, y al mismo tiempo identificar los factores que la regulan. En relación al primer vacío, la relación entre la producción secundaria neta y la PPNA mostró un patrón unimodal. A su vez se observó que a igual PPNA la producción secundaria neta de los sistemas ganaderos fue mayor a la de los naturales. Este incremento de la producción secundaria se debió en mayor medida a un aumento del índice de cosecha y en menor medida a un aumento en la eficiencia de producción. En relación al segundo vacío, la variabilidad interanual de la lluvia, principal control abiótico del flujo de entrada, no se relacionó significativamente con la variabilidad de un componente del siguiente nivel trófico, la carga animal, tanto en sistemas naturales como ganaderos. Sin embargo, la variabilidad de la carga animal de los naturales fue mayor que la de los ganaderos. En estos últimos la variabilidad de la PPNA, fue el doble que la de la carga animal (...)En relación al tercer vacío, se mostró que el principal control de la variación estacional del índice de cosecha fue la PPNA. Esta tesis representa la primera evidencia del impacto de la introducción de herbívoros exóticos a lo largo de un gradiente regional sobre el flujo desde la PPNA a la producción secundaria neta y brinda una de las pocas evaluaciones sobre el impacto humano sobre la estabilidad de este flujo. Finalmente, se desarrolló un modelo que permitiría mejorar las estimaciones de carga animal al relacionar la dinámica del índice de cosecha con la biomasa acumulada estimada a partir de la PPNA acumulada por estación del año

Comparing Forage Biomass Estimation Between Forager-Mounted Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Rising Plate-Meter (RPM) Techniques

Quantifying the forage mass harvested per paddock is essential for informing late-season management decisions on grazing livestock farms. This information can be used to calculate winter feed budgets and thus support decisions such as area of land to defer for autumn grazing, and head of stock to sell before winter housing. However, there are practical limitations associated with existing measurement methods, which can influence the accuracy of forage biomass estimates. The purpose of the current study was therefore to compare biomass estimation from two alternative precision farming methods — near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) integrated within-spout of a self-propelled forage harvester, against a rising plate meter (RPM). Data were collected from the North Wyke Farm Platform (NWFP) in South- West England. RPM readings were taken within seven days preceding harvest, and Harvester measurements taken at the point of harvest. Data from two paddocks were collected during 2021 (figure 2, points a and b) and two from 2020 (points c and d). Three of the sampled paddocks (a, c and d) contained permanent pasture and one (b) contained reseeded white clover and perennial ryegrass. Paddocks c and d in figure 2 suggest a good correspondence between methods, demonstrated by proximity to the 1:1 line which passes through the origin. However, points a and b lie parallel to the 1:1 line, suggesting a systematic underestimation from the RPM. This underestimation could be linked to the tendency of grass to lodge at high yields, or due to an unquantified factor linked to the year of harvest, such as weather conditions which are known to indirectly influence RPM readings. With suitable calibration and consideration of practical limitations, forager mounted NIRS technology can provide valuable farm management data quickly, and at a relatively low cost compared to manual methods of biomass estimation

Remotely Sensed Spatiotemporal Variation in Crude Protein of Shortgrass Steppe Forage

In the Great Plains of central North America, sustainable livestock production is dependent on matching the timing of forage availability and quality with animal intake demands. Advances in remote sensing technology provide accurate information for forage quantity. However, similar efforts for forage quality are lacking. Crude protein (CP) content is one of the most relevant forage quality determinants of individual animal intake, especially below an 8% threshold for growing animals. In a set of shortgrass steppe paddocks with contrasting botanical composition, we (1) modeled the spatiotemporal variation in field estimates of CP content against seven spectral MODIS bands, and (2) used the model to assess the risk of reaching the 8% CP content threshold during the grazing season for paddocks with light, moderate, or heavy grazing intensities for the last 22 years (2000–2021). Our calibrated model explained up to 69% of the spatiotemporal variation in CP content. Different from previous investigations, our model was partially independent of NDVI, as it included the green and red portions of the spectrum as direct predictors of CP content. From 2000 to 2021, the model predicted that CP content was a limiting factor for growth of yearling cattle in 80% of the years for about 60% of the mid-May to October grazing season. The risk of forage quality being below the CP content threshold increases as the grazing season progresses, suggesting that ranchers across this rangeland region could benefit from remotely sensed CP content to proactively remove yearling cattle earlier than the traditional October date or to strategically provide supplemental protein sources to grazing cattle.EEA Concepción del UruguayFil: Irisarri, Jorge Gonzalo Nicolás. Rothamsted Research. Sustainable Agriculture Sciences; Reino UnidoFil: Durante, Martin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay; ArgentinaFil: Durante, Martin. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó. Programa Pasturas y Forrajes; UruguayFil: Derner, Justin D. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Rangeland Resources Research Unit; Estados UnidosFil: Oesterheld, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Oesterheld, Martin. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Augustine, David J.. United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service. Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit; Estados Unido

Extensive introgression at late stages of species formation: Insights from grasshopper hybrid zones

The process of species formation is characterized by the accumulation of multiple reproductive barriers. The evolution of hybrid male sterility, or Haldane's rule, typically characterizes later stages of species formation, when reproductive isolation is strongest. Yet, understanding how quickly reproductive barriers evolve and their consequences for maintaining genetic boundaries between emerging species remains a challenging task because it requires studying taxa that hybridize in nature. Here, we address these questions using the meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus, where populations that show multiple reproductive barriers, including hybrid male sterility, hybridize in two natural hybrid zones. Using mitochondrial data, we infer that such populations diverged some 100,000 years ago, at the beginning of the last glacial cycle in Europe. Nuclear data show that contractions at multiple glacial refugia, and post-glacial expansions have facilitated genetic differentiation between lineages that today interact in hybrid zones. We find extensive introgression throughout the sampled species range, irrespective of the current strength of reproductive isolation. Populations exhibiting hybrid male sterility in two hybrid zones show repeatable patterns of genomic differentiation, consistent with shared genomic constraints affecting ancestral divergence or with the role of those regions in reproductive isolation. Together, our results suggest that reproductive barriers that characterize late stages of species formation can evolve relatively quickly, particularly when associated with strong demographic changes. Moreover, we show that such barriers persist in the face of extensive gene flow, allowing future studies to identify associated genomic regions

Physical activity and self-rerceived health among people aged 50 and over

El propósito del estudio es analizar los posibles efectos de la actividad física sobre la salud autopercibida. Para ello, se encuestó a 765 personas entre 50-70 años durante 2012 en España. Se utilizó el cuestionario internacional de actividad física (IPAQ) para estimar el equivalente metabólico de la tarea (MET) total y en cuatro ámbitos: trabajo, ocio, hogar y desplazamientos. La salud autopercibida se obtuvo de la escala visual analógica del EQ-5D-5L. Los resultados muestran que únicamente el gasto energético de actividad física en el tiempo de ocio incide positivamente en el nivel de salud percibido, el resto de ámbitos no tienen influencia significativa. Asimismo, la autopercepción de la salud es más negativa con mayor edad, menor nivel educativo y mayor frecuencia de uso de servicios sanitarios. En conclusión, la actividad física desarrollada en el tiempo libre podría plantearse como alternativa para mejorar la calidad de vida de los mayoresThe purpose of the study was to analyse possible related effects between exercise and self-perceived health among people over 50 years old. A survey was conducted in 2012 to 765 community-living subjects from Spain aged between 50 and 70 years. The survey includes the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to estimate total physical activity/week in METS (Measure Activity in Metabolic Equivalents) and in four different domains: work, leisure, transport and domestic/gardening. Selfperceived health was measured using the Visual Analogic Scale of the EQ-5D- 5L. The results of the study show that only the level of physical activity developed in leisure time has a positive and statistically significant effect on self-perceived health, whilst the other domains of physical activity are non-significant. Additionally, age, lower educational level and a higher use of health-care services are negatively associated with self-perceived health. To sum up, leisure time physical activity could be an alternative to increase the quality of life of older peopl

Using APAR to Predict Aboveground Plant Productivity in Semi-Arid Rangelands: Spatial and Temporal Relationships Differ

Monitoring of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) is critical for effective management of rangeland ecosystems but is problematic due to the vast extent of rangelands globally, and the high costs of ground-based measurements. Remote sensing of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) can be used to predict ANPP, potentially offering an alternative means of quantifying ANPP at both high temporal and spatial resolution across broad spatial extents. The relationship between ANPP and APAR has often been quantified based on either spatial variation across a broad region or temporal variation at a location over time, but rarely both. Here we assess: (i) if the relationship between ANPP and APAR is consistent when evaluated across time and space; (ii) potential factors driving differences between temporal versus spatial models, and (iii) the magnitude of potential errors relating to space for time transformations in quantifying productivity. Using two complimentary ANPP datasets and remotely sensed data derived from MODIS and a Landsat/MODIS fusion data product, we find that slopes of spatial models are generally greater than slopes of temporal models. The abundance of plant species with different structural attributes, specifically the abundance of C4 shortgrasses with prostrate canopies versus taller, more productive C3 species with more vertically complex canopies, tended to vary more dramatically in space than over time. This difference in spatial versus temporal variation in these key plant functional groups appears to be the primary driver of differences in slopes among regression models. While the individual models revealed strong relationships between ANPP to APAR, the use of temporal models to predict variation in space (or vice versa) can increase error in remotely sensed predictions of ANPPEEA Concepción del UruguayFil: Gaffney, Rowan. United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service. Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit; Estados UnidosFil: Porensky, Lauren M. United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service. Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit; Estados UnidosFil: Feng, Gao. United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service. Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Irisarri, Jorge Gonzalo Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Durante, Martin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay; ArgentinaFil: Derner, Justin D. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Rangeland Resources Research Unit; Estados UnidosFil: Augustine, David J.. United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service. Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit; Estados Unido

Historical isolation facilitates species radiation by sexual selection: Insights from Chorthippus grasshoppers

Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that species radiations are facilitated when a trait under divergent natural selection is also involved in sexual selection. It is yet unclear how quick and effective radiations are where assortative mating is unrelated to the ecological environment and primarily results from sexual selection. We address this question using sympatric grasshopper species of the genus Chorthippus, which have evolved strong behavioural isolation while lacking noticeable ecomorphological divergence. Mitochondrial genomes suggest that the radiation is relatively recent, dating to the mid‐Pleistocene, which leads to extensive incomplete lineage sorting throughout the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Nuclear data shows that hybrids are absent in sympatric localities but that all species have experienced gene flow, confirming that reproductive isolation is strong but remains incomplete. Demographic modelling is most consistent with a long period of geographic isolation, followed by secondary contact and extensive introgression. Such initial periods of geographic isolation might facilitate the association between male signaling and female preference, permitting the coexistence of sympatric species that are genetically, morphologically, and ecologically similar, but otherwise behave mostly as good biological species