Prevalensi infeksi hiv pada pemakai napza di Surabaya tahun 1999/2000 = Prevalence of hiv infection among drug users in Surabaya 1999/2000

ABSTRACT Nowdays, the number 6f drug users is increasing. Drug abuse is regarded as one of the main cause of the HIV/ AIDS spread. The objectives of the study are to estimate prevalence of HIV infection among the drug users in Surabaya municipality and to identify the risk factors. The research is a cross sectional study with quantitative and qualitative apporach. Interviews were conducted to 102 drug users. Subjects were selected using a simple random sampling. Indepth interviews were carried out to have more detailed information about variables of this study. The independent variables are age, sex, educational level, occupation, marriage status, types of drug, methods of drug use and sexual behavior. From the researsh, it is found that prevalence of HIV infection among drug users is 6,86%. The 2X2 tables show that the methods of drug use have significant association to HIV infection (p < 0,05). The multiple logistic regression showed that HIV infection was associated with injecting drug use (p = 0, 0279, OR=11,2726). Drug users have higher risk at HIV infection. The methods of drug use are associated with the prevalence of HIV infection. Injecting drug use was significantly a risk factor for HIV infection. Keyword: drug users â HIV infection â risk factor

Studi Kasus Manajemen Asuhan Kebidanan Pada Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Samratulangi Tondano

Latar Belakang : Menurut data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2007 Angka Kematian Bayi 34 per 1000 kelahiran hidup. Penyebab kematian bayi di Indonesia salah satunya bayi berat lahir rendah yaitu sebesar 29% yang merupakan penyebab pertama kematianbayi baru lahir. Di RSUD Dr. Sam Ratulangi Tondano pada tahun 2012 kejadian BBLR 119 bayi (11,5%) dari 1029 kelahiran bayi dan pada bulan Januari sampai dengan 22 Februari tahun 2013 kejadian BBLR 15 bayi (12,7 %) dari 118 kelahiran bayi.Tujuan : untuk mendapatkan gambaran secara umum bagaimana pelaksanaan manajemen asuhan kebidanan pada bayi berat lair rendah di RSUD Dr. Sam Ratulangi Tondano.Metode : adalah pendekatan studi kasus manajemen asuhan kebidanan yang terdiri dari tujuh langkah Varney yaitu : pengumpulan data, interpretasi data dasar, diagnosa potensial, tindakan segera, perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi.Hasil penelitian : manajemen asuhan kebidanan menunjukan bahwa bayi K.M lahir prematur dengan bayi berat lahir rendah, potensial mengalami hipotermi karena kulitnya yang tipis, tubuhnya yang kecil dan dirawat dalam inkubator tidak hidup atau dalam keadaan rusak, selainitu reflek menghisap masih lemah potensial terjadi dehidrasi, sehingga dilakukan tindakan sesuai dengan keadaan pasien dan penyusunan rencana asuhan serta pelaksanaan asuhan menyeluruh, dalam pengevaluasian keadaan pasien menjadi lebih baik

Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap dengan Perilaku Deteksi Dini pada Penderita Kanker Serviks di Rsup Dr. Kariadi Semarang Tahun 2015

Cervical cancer is a disease that can be prevented by finding precancerous lesions. One of the checks that can be done to discover precancerous lesions in cervical cancer is the Pap smear or IVA. Based Pusdatin, Ministry of Health of Indonesia in 2013 the prevalence of cervical cancer is highest in the province of Yogyakarta, which is by 4.1%, followed by Central Java as the second rank, ie by 2.1%. RSUP dr. Kariadi a referral center for cervical cancer in Central Java. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between knowledge and attitudes to the behavior of early detection of cervical cancer patients at RSUP dr. Kariadi 2015. The method used in this research is explanatory research method with cross sectional study approach. This study population is an estimate of the whole of cervical cancer patients who had been hospitalized during 2015 with a total estimated as many as 417 respondents. 81 sample using sampling technique using consecutive sampling method in which all the subjects that come up and meet the selection criteria and are included in other research within a certain time. The data were analyzed statistically with a significance level of 95%. Results of univariate analysis showed that the highest percentage of patients are aged 45-54 years (40.7%) with a low education level is not completed primary school (30.9%) and elementary school (37.9%), good knowledge (54.3%), and supports attitudes (48.1%). From the chi square test results obtained there was no relationship between knowledge (p=0.054) and attitudes (p=0.061) with the behavior of early detection. From this study it can be concluded that there is no a significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes to the behavior of early detection of cervical cancer patients at RSUP dr. Kariadi 201

Peran Sentral Figur Tokoh Adat dalam Upacara Sedekah Gunung di Desa Lencoh Kecamatan Selo Kabupaten Boyolali

The aim of this research is to know the role that carried out by traditional custom's figure on Sedekah Gunung ceremony. The location of this research at Lencoh village, Selo subdistrict, Boyolali regency, for in this location the society preserve the Sedekah Gunung Ceremony. This is qualitative research with phenomenology suty as its approach. Data mining comes from interview with main source data which is traditional custom's figure, village chief, and the resident of the location. Meanwhile, the other data gatheres by observation and documentation. The snowball samping and purposive sampling are being used in this research. Valitidy data test using source and methods triangulation. The analysis technique using interactive analysis model which is, data collection, data reduction, data presenting dan drawing conclusion. Based on the research the result show that role traditional custom's figure can be summarized as official duty and the reader of ujub kidungan that is not replace yet and a central role on Sedekah Gunung ceremony. The conclusion of this research is that traditional custom's figure having a central role on Sedekah Gunung ceremony. Traditional custom's figure as an agent that has power with series of Sedekah Gunung rituals that been embedded within society

Constitutional Analogies in the International Legal System

This Article explores issues at the frontier of international law and constitutional law. It considers five key structural and systemic challenges that the international legal system now faces: (1) decentralization and disaggregation; (2) normative and institutional hierarchies; (3) compliance and enforcement; (4) exit and escape; and (5) democracy and legitimacy. Each of these issues raises questions of governance, institutional design, and allocation of authority paralleling the questions that domestic legal systems have answered in constitutional terms. For each of these issues, I survey the international legal landscape and consider the salience of potential analogies to domestic constitutions, drawing upon and extending the writings of international legal scholars and international relations theorists. I also offer some preliminary thoughts about why some treaties and institutions, but not others, more readily lend themselves to analysis in constitutional terms. And I distinguish those legal and political issues that may generate useful insights for scholars studying the growing intersections of international and constitutional law from other areas that may be more resistant to constitutional analogies

Impact of particles on the Planck HFI detectors: Ground-based measurements and physical interpretation

The Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) surveyed the sky continuously from August 2009 to January 2012. Its noise and sensitivity performance were excellent, but the rate of cosmic ray impacts on the HFI detectors was unexpectedly high. Furthermore, collisions of cosmic rays with the focal plane produced transient signals in the data (glitches) with a wide range of characteristics. A study of cosmic ray impacts on the HFI detector modules has been undertaken to categorize and characterize the glitches, to correct the HFI time-ordered data, and understand the residual effects on Planck maps and data products. This paper presents an evaluation of the physical origins of glitches observed by the HFI detectors. In order to better understand the glitches observed by HFI in flight, several ground-based experiments were conducted with flight-spare HFI bolometer modules. The experiments were conducted between 2010 and 2013 with HFI test bolometers in different configurations using varying particles and impact energies. The bolometer modules were exposed to 23 MeV protons from the Orsay IPN TANDEM accelerator, and to $^{241}$Am and $^{244}$Cm $\alpha$-particle and $^{55}$Fe radioactive X-ray sources. The calibration data from the HFI ground-based preflight tests were used to further characterize the glitches and compare glitch rates with statistical expectations under laboratory conditions. Test results provide strong evidence that the dominant family of glitches observed in flight are due to cosmic ray absorption by the silicon die substrate on which the HFI detectors reside. Glitch energy is propagated to the thermistor by ballistic phonons, while there is also a thermal diffusion contribution. The implications of these results for future satellite missions, especially those in the far-infrared to sub-millimetre and millimetre regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, are discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figure

Structural analysis and corrosion studies on an ISO 5832-9 biomedical alloy with TiO2 sol–gel layers

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the relationship between the structural and corrosion properties of an ISO 5832-9 biomedical alloy modified with titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers. These layers were obtained via the sol–gel method by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide in isopropanol solution. To obtain TiO2 layers with different structural properties, the coated samples were annealed at temperatures of 200, 300, 400, 450, 500, 600 and 800 C for 2 h. For all the prepared samples, accelerated corrosion measurements were performed in Tyrode’s physiological solution using electrochemical methods. The most important corrosion parameters were determined: corrosion potential, polarization resistance, corrosion rate, breakdown and repassivation potentials. Corrosion damage was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Structural analysis was carried out for selected TiO2 coatings annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 C. In addition, the morphology, chemical composition, crystallinity, thickness and density of the deposited TiO2 layers were determined using suitable electron and X-ray measurement methods. It was shown that the structure and character of interactions between substrate and deposited TiO2 layers depended on annealing temperature. All the obtained TiO2 coatings exhibit anticorrosion properties, but these properties are related to the crystalline structure and character of substrate–layer interaction. From the point of view of corrosion, the best TiO2 sol–gel coatings for stainless steel intended for biomedical applications seem to be those obtained at 400 C.This study was supported by Grant No. N N507 501339 of the National Science Centre. The authors wish to express their thanks to J. Borowski (MEDGAL, Poland) for the Rex 734 alloy