High-level biocidal products effectively eradicate pathogenic γ-proteobacteria biofilms from aquaculture facilities

The use of effective biocides as disinfectants is essential in aquaculture facilities. However, while most biocides act effectively on free-living planktonic pathogens, they are seldom useful against biofilms. In this study, we evaluate the biocidal efficacy and antimicrobial specific contact time of three disinfectants, Virkon™Aquatic (VirA), peracetic acid (PerA), and hydrogen peroxide (HydP), on Vibrio anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and Photobacterium damselae subspecies piscicida against their both life phases. By using the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and eradication concentrations of disinfectants acting on the free-living planktonic state (MIC; MBC) and biofilms (MBIC; MBEC), we determined the in vitro susceptibility of each bacterial strain against three different individual concentrations of VirA, PerA, and HydP added at 1, 5, and 10 min intervals. PerA and VirA had the highest bactericidal efficacies against the free-living planktonic state and biofilm of all bacteria. Kinetically, PerA gave a positive result more quickly in both cases regardless of the strain in question, while the weakest HydP required longer than 10 min to act effectively. Moreover, we conducted a short in vivo safety trial by pouring the suggested MIC of each disinfectant into tanks containing juvenile Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Significant mortality after 24 h was observed pointing to the potential risk a mishap of these chemicals might cause to fish. Nevertheless, collectively, our results support the inclusion of biocides within biosecurity protocols in aquaculture facilities and highlight PerA as the most effective disinfectant for fighting against biofilms produced by V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus or P. damselae subsp. piscicida.publishedVersionUnit License Agreemen

Reversal of doxorubicin-Induced bone loss and mineralization by supplementation of Resveratrol and MitoTEMPO in the early development of Sparus aurata

Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug known to induce bone loss. The mechanism behind doxorubicin-mediated bone loss is unclear, but oxidative stress has been suggested as a potential cause. Antioxidants that can counteract the toxic effect of doxorubicin on the bone would be helpful for the prevention of secondary osteoporosis. We used resveratrol, a natural antioxidant, and MitoTEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, to counteract doxorubicin-induced bone loss and mineralization on Sparus aurata larvae. Doxorubicin supplemented Microdiets increased bone deformities, decreased mineralization, and lipid peroxidation, whereas Resveratrol and MitoTEMPO supplemented microdiets improved mineralization, decreased bone deformities, and reversed the effects of doxorubicin in vivo and in vitro, using osteoblastic VSa13 cells. Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis highlighted differences between groups on the distribution of skeletal anomalies and mineralization of skeleton elements. Calcium and Phosphorus content was negatively affected in the doxorubicin supplemented group. Doxorubicin reduced the mRNA expression of antioxidant genes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, superoxide dismutase 1, and hsp90 suggesting that ROS are central for Doxorubicin-induced bone loss. The mRNA expression of antioxidant genes was significantly increased on resveratrol alone or combined treatment. The length of intestinal villi was increased in response to antioxidants and reduced on doxorubicin. Antioxidant supplements effectively prevent bone deformities and mineralization defects, increase antioxidant response and reverse doxorubicin-induced effects on bone anomalies, mineralization, and oxidative stress. A combined treatment of doxorubicin and antioxidants was beneficial in fish larvae and showed the potential for use in preventing Doxorubicin-induced bone impairment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

High-level biocidal products effectively eradicate pathogenic γ-proteobacteria biofilms from aquaculture facilities

The use of effective biocides as disinfectants is essential in aquaculture facilities. However, while most biocides act effectively on free-living planktonic pathogens, they are seldom useful against biofilms. In this study, we evaluate the biocidal efficacy and antimicrobial specific contact time of three disinfectants, Virkon™Aquatic (VirA), peracetic acid (PerA), and hydrogen peroxide (HydP), on Vibrio anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and Photobacterium damselae subspecies piscicida against their both life phases. By using the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and eradication concentrations of disinfectants acting on the free-living planktonic state (MIC; MBC) and biofilms (MBIC; MBEC), we determined the in vitro susceptibility of each bacterial strain against three different individual concentrations of VirA, PerA, and HydP added at 1, 5, and 10 min intervals. PerA and VirA had the highest bactericidal efficacies against the free-living planktonic state and biofilm of all bacteria. Kinetically, PerA gave a positive result more quickly in both cases regardless of the strain in question, while the weakest HydP required longer than 10 min to act effectively. Moreover, we conducted a short in vivo safety trial by pouring the suggested MIC of each disinfectant into tanks containing juvenile Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Significant mortality after 24 h was observed pointing to the potential risk a mishap of these chemicals might cause to fish. Nevertheless, collectively, our results support the inclusion of biocides within biosecurity protocols in aquaculture facilities and highlight PerA as the most effective disinfectant for fighting against biofilms produced by V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus or P. damselae subsp. piscicida.publishedVersionUnit License Agreemen

Effects of supplementation of decapods zoea to Artemia basal diet on fatty acid composition and digestive gland histology in common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of different crab zoeas to enriched Artemia basal diet for O. vulgaris paralarvae during the first month of life. Paralarvae were fed using: enriched Artemia nauplii alone and Artemia co-fed with either first zoea stages of Grapsus adscensionis or Plagusia depressa. The experiment was carried out over a period of 28 days, in 0.12 m3 tanks with a flow-through rearing system. Growth in dry weight as well as mantle length and width were assessed weekly. Additionally, prey and paralarvae fatty acid composition and digestive gland (DG) histology were evaluated. Addition of low amounts of crab zoeas (approx.100 indv. L-1 day-1) provided during critical life stages of O.vulgaris proved to be good enough to improve paralarvae growth and survival in comparison to those fed exclusively on enriched Artemia. These results were supported by the finding of a higher number of glycoprotein absorption vacuoles in the DG from paralarvae co-fed with crab zoeas, suggesting a higher feeding activity. In addition, the fatty acid analysis of crab zoea showed that these are good sources of dietary arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids during the octopus planktonic life stage, whereas the low docosahexaenoic (DHA) content, suggests the use of additional DHA sources or higher zoeas densities to meet paralarvae nutritional demand to carry out a successful metamorphosis to benthic life

An evaluation of the 30-s chair stand test in older adults: frailty detection based on kinematic parameters from a single inertial unit

Background: A growing interest in frailty syndrome exists because it is regarded as a major predictor of co-morbidities and mortality in older populations. Nevertheless, frailty assessment has been controversial, particularly when identifying this syndrome in a community setting. Performance tests such as the 30-second chair stand test (30-s CST) are a cornerstone for detecting early declines in functional independence. Additionally, recent advances in body-fixed sensors have enhanced the sensors’ ability to automatically and accurately evaluate kinematic parameters related to a specific movement performance. The purpose of this study is to use this new technology to obtain kinematic parameters that can identify frailty in an aged population through the performance the 30-s CST. Methods: Eighteen adults with a mean age of 54 years, as well as sixteen pre-frail and thirteen frail patients with mean ages of 78 and 85 years, respectively, performed the 30-s CST while threir trunk movements were measured by a sensor-unit at vertebra L3. Sit-stand-sit cycles were determined using both acceleration and orientation information to detect failed attempts. Movement-related phases (i.e. impulse, stand-up, and sit-down) were differentiated based on seat off and seat on events. Finally, the kinematic parameters of the impulse, stand-up and sit-down phases were obtained to identify potential differences across the three frailty groups. Results: For the stand-up and sit-down phases, velocity peaks and “modified impulse” parameters clearly differentiated subjects with different frailty levels (p < 0.001). The trunk orientation range during the impulse phase was also able to classify a subject according to his frail syndrome (p < 0.001). Furthermore, these parameters derived from the inertial units (IUs) are sensitive enough to detect frailty differences not registered by the number of completed cycles which is the standard test outcome. Conclusions: This study shows that IUs can enhance the information gained from tests currently used in clinical practice, such as the 30-s CST. Parameters such as velocity peaks, impulse, and orientation range are able to differentiate between adults and older populations with different frailty levels. This study indicates that early frailty detection could be possible in clinical environments, and the subsequent interventions to correct these disabilities could be prescribed before further degradation occurs.The authors are indebted to the Spanish Department of Health and Institute Carlos III of the Government of Spain [Spanish Net on Aging and frailty; (RETICEF)], Department of Health of the Government of Navarre and Economy and Competitivity Department of the Government of Spain, for financing this research with grants numbered RD12/0043/0022, 87/2010, and DEP2011-24105 respectively

Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K3 in Gilthead Seabream Larvae (Sparus aurata) in Relation to Growth and Expression of Bone Development-Related Genes

Vitamins D and K are essential fat-soluble nutrients that intervene in bone development processes among other biological functions. The present study is aimed at investigating the potential combined effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin K3 (menadione) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. For that purpose, seabream diets were supplemented with different combinations of vitamin D3/vitamin K3 (mg/kg diet) as follows: 0.00/0, 0.06/70, 0.06/170, 0.13/70, 0.13/170, 0.40/70, and 0.40/170. Feeding gilthead seabream larvae (22 days post hatch) for 21 days with the diets supplemented with 0.06-0.13 mg/kg vitamin D3 and 70 mg/kg vitamin K3 (diets 0.06/70 and 0.13/70) led to the highest larval growth and survival and the highest expression of important biomarkers of both bone development and health, such as bmp2, osx, and mgp, and calcium homeostasis, such as pthrp and casr. However, the increased supplementation with both vitamins at 0.40 mg/kg vitamin D3 and 170 mg/kg vitamin K3 (diet 0.40/170) reduced larval growth and survival, downregulated bmp2 and pthrp expressions, and upregulated osx and mgp, causing an unbalance in the relative expression of these genes. The results of the present study have shown the interaction between vitamin D3 supplementation and vitamin K3 supplementation in larval performance and gene expression related to bone development and calcium homeostasis, denoting the significance of a correct balance between both vitamins in larval diets.publishedVersio

Supplementation of arachidonic acid rich oil in European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax) diets: Effects on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profile and lipid metabolism

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels (from 1 up to 6 % of total fatty acids) on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles growth performance, tissue fatty acid profile, liver morphology as well as long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis, triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis and lipid transport. A diet with total fish oil (FO) replacement and defatted fish meal (FM) containing a 0.1 g ARA g-1 diet was added to the experimental design as a negative control diet. Dietary ARA inclusion levels below 0.2 g ARA g-1 diet significantly worsened growth even only 30 days after the start of the feeding trial, whereas dietary ARA had no effect on fish survival. Liver, muscle and whole body fatty acid profile mainly reflected dietary contents and ARA content increased accordingly with ARA dietary levels. Tissue eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were positively correlated among them. Hepatic lipid vacuolization increased with reduced dietary ARA levels. Expressions of fatty acyl desaturase 2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme genes were up-regulated in fish fed the negative control diet compared to the rest of the dietary treatments denoting the influence of ARA on lipid metabolism. Results obtained highlight the need to include adequate n-6 levels and not only n-3 LC-PUFA levels in European sea bass diets. Keywords: Dicentrarchus labrax, arachidonic acid, growth performance, tissue fatty acid profile, lipid metabolis

Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed diets high in plant based feedstuffs

Modern aquaculture feeds tend to contain lower levels of fish based ingredients, while increasing the content of plant ingredients. However, this may alter the vitamin profile of the feeds, leading to unbalanced vitamin supply. Requirements for several vitamins have been established for species such as carps and salmonids, but adequate levels for gilthead sea bream are yet unknown.publishedVersio

Effect of increasing docosahexaenoic acid content in weaning diets on survival, growth and skeletal anomalies of longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana, Valenciennes 1833)

Five isoproteic (54.8%) and isolipidic (24.1%) microdiets, which varied in their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (0.25, 0.75, 1.64, 1.99 and 3.17%; dw), were manufactured to determine its effects on longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana larvae in terms of fish biological performance, whole body fatty acid profile and incidence of skeletal anomalies from 30 dah (11.31 &plusmn; 1.79 Total Length, TL) to 50 dah (19.80&plusmn;0.58 mm TL). The inclusion of dietary DHA up to 3.17% (dw) improved larval resistance to air exposure, although DHA did not significantly affect fish final growth or final survival. Indeed, high levels of dietary DHA (1.99% and 3.17%, dw) tended to increase the incidence of skeletal anomalies in S. rivoliana larvae, albeit no significant differences were observed. Furthermore, the occurrence of severe anomalies such as kyphosis and lordosis, was mainly associated to the larvae fed with the highest levels of dietary DHA. In terms of survival, increasing dietary DHA levels did not significantly affect longfin yellowtail survival rate, despite a tendency for enhanced survival. The results of the present study proved that the inclusion of dietary DHA in inert diets up to a 3.17% (dw) and a DHA/EPA ratio above 3.1 increased the final survival and stress resistance in S. rivoliana larvae