The Views of the Court of Arbitration for Sport and the Austrian Football Association on legal liability for the conduct of supporters

The clubs legal responsibility for the behavior of supporters is used by UEFA to in-fluence the content of sports competitions, ideally abstracted from demonstrating by spectators any non-football ideas. Nevertheless, the regulation of the national associa-tions-members of UEFA also assumes the responsibility of the clubs and, sometimes, the supporters themselves for the unacceptable behavior of the latter. The experience of regulation this issue by the Austrian Football Association demonstrates mentioned approach. Therefore, it is interesting to make a comparison: how much the regulated responsibility of supporters affects to the regulation by the association a strict liability of clubs for the behavior of fans. Using the practice of CAS, we may see a presumptive approach on the basis of an assessment of the situation by “a reasonable and objective observer” for the objective resolution of a dispute

Spectators` “Blacklists” and Recovery of Damages by Football Clubs from Spectators for the Violation of Rules of Conduct: A Russian Experience

he right of football clubs to establish local bans (the so-called “blacklists”) depends on a number of reasons. A local ban on visiting football matches can act as a measure to combat the unlawful behaviour of viewers, thus complementing the administrative responsibility of the spectators. In Russian law it is not possible to impose a ban on the sale of tickets to football matches by football clubs. The current wording of the rules of spectators’ behaviour during official sporting events does not, by default, allow supporter identity checks when entering the stadium. That also complicates the identification of spectators for being on the “blacklist”. The practice of civil suits brought by football clubs against supporters, as one of the few legal tools to influence supporters, is currently not widespread. As a result, there are no uniform approaches to resolve these disputes: the courts motivate refusals by various arguments, the validity of which can be reasonably criticised.The right of football clubs to establish local bans (the so-called “blacklists”) depends on a number of reasons. A local ban on visiting football matches can act as a measure to combat the unlawful behaviour of viewers, thus complementing the administrative responsibility of the spectators. In Russian law it is not possible to impose a ban on the sale of tickets to football matches by football clubs. The current wording of the rules of spectators’ behaviour during official sporting events does not, by default, allow supporter identity checks when entering the stadium. That also complicates the identification of spectators for being on the “blacklist”. The practice of civil suits brought by football clubs against supporters, as one of the few legal tools to influence supporters, is currently not widespread. As a result, there are no uniform approaches to resolve these disputes: the courts motivate refusals by various arguments, the validity of which can be reasonably criticised

Development of modern entrepreneurship : competition and cooperation

The purpose of the article is to develop the optimal model of development of modern entrepreneurship in Russia from the point of view of the processes of competition and cooperation. The foundation of the methodological apparatus of this research is the method of scenario analysis, which is performed with the help of the tools of the Theory of games. The authors offer classification of existing market structures in the spheres of economy as to the criterion of ratio of processes of competition and cooperation and develop the proprietary methodology for evaluation of effectiveness of the model of national economy development from the point of view of the processes of competition and cooperation. Because of the research, it is concluded that the offered hypothesis is true, and it is impossible to apply the straightforward approach to creation of market structures in economic spheres of modern Russia due to its ineffectiveness in the modern economic conditions, subject to the influence of the processes of globalization, integration, post-industrialization, liberalization, etc. The authors analyze the possible scenarios of development of modern entrepreneurship in Russia through the prism of competitive and cooperative processes.peer-reviewe

Eye Movements and Word Recognition during Visual Semantic Search: Diferences between Expert and Novice Language Learners

Background. Te empirical studies in visual word recognition done over the past years have been focused on the infuence of contextual, lexical, and semantic properties. Researchers also have taken into consideration the role of individual diferences in the word recognition process, e.g., vocabulary knowledge. Objective. Tis study focuses on the cognitive strategies used by expert and novice language learners in a visual semantic search task. Our hypothesis is that the level of ESL (English as a Second Language) mastery would infuence the word recognition and oculomotor patterns applied by the participants. Design. Te participants–native Russian speakers–were divided into three groups according to their level of English language mastery. Te experimental task involved a search for horizontally- or vertically-oriented English words in letter matrices (15*15); the frequency and length of the words varied. Performance measures (number and orientation of the found words) were registered, along with the participants’ eye movements. Results. Word search efciency depended on the frequency, length, and orientation of the words and the participant’s language mastery; however, these factors did not interact.Te data show that oculomotor events are denser in experts’ results. Learners with diferent levels of language mastery use different information-processing patterns, which are refected in the proportions of fxation and saccade durations. Two complementary trends were found: word search efciency is efected, frst, by a longer gaze scan path, and second, by the focal mode of visual information-processing, manifested in a combination of longer fxations and shorter saccades. Conclusion. Te registration of eye-movement patterns in visual semantic search tasks reveals the characteristics of efective and non-efective cognitive strategies used by ESL students at diferent levels of language competence

Metaphoric construal and its effect on gaze behavior of the readers with better and worse working memory

Language creativity studies are now exploring new experimental methods which test the readers’ figurative thought. In the current work, we address the gaze behavior as contingent on figurative language construal in two participants’ groups with different amount of working memor

Text and metatext event in the gaze behavior of impulsive and reflective readers

The subject of experimental studies of the authors are the factors that determine the distribution attention while reading. The study analyzes the features of constructing an event in text and metatext fragments of plays as capable of impact on changes in the oculomotor behavior of readers, reflective and impulsiv

Mangrove microniches determine the structural and functional diversity of enriched petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading consortia

In this study, the combination of culture enrichments and molecular tools was used to identify bacterial guilds, plasmids and functional genes potentially important in the process of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) decontamination in mangrove microniches (rhizospheres and bulk sediment). In addition, we aimed to recover PH-degrading consortia (PHDC) for future use in remediation strategies. The PHDC were enriched with petroleum from rhizosphere and bulk sediment samples taken from a mangrove chronically polluted with oil hydrocarbons. Southern blot hybridization (SBH) assays of PCR amplicons from environmental DNA before enrichments resulted in weak positive signals for the functional gene types targeted, suggesting that PH-degrading genotypes and plasmids were in low abundance in the rhizosphere and bulk sediments. However, after enrichment, these genes were detected and strong microniche-dependent differences in the abundance and composition of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial populations, plasmids (IncP-1 alpha, IncP-1 beta, IncP-7 and IncP-9) and functional genes (naphthalene, extradiol and intradiol dioxygenases) were revealed by in-depth molecular analyses [PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and hybridization (SBH and microarray)]. Our results suggest that, despite the low abundance of PH-degrading genes and plasmids in the environmental samples, the original bacterial composition of the mangrove microniches determined the structural and functional diversity of the PHDC enriched.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SM59/4-1, 4-2]; FAPERJ-Brazil; European Commission [003998, 211684]; Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftung; CONICET (Argentina)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE AND VISUAL LEXICAL SEARCH STRATEGIES

The influence of language experience on oculomotor parameters may reflect differences in the features of cognitive strategies in more and less experienced subjects. This study is devoted to identifying differences in the parameters of visual semantic search and cognitive processing of lexical information by subjects of different levels of Russian language proficiency. The data obtained show that with the increase in the level of language competence, the strategies of visual search when working with lexical information are also significantly transformed, indicating the development of more effective methods of cognitive processing.Влияние языкового опыта на глазодвигательные параметры может отражать различия в особенностях когнитивных стратегий у более и менее опытных испытуемых. Данное исследование посвящено выявлению различий в параметрах зрительного семантического поиска и когнитивной обработки лексической информации испытуемыми разного уровня владения русским языком. Полученные данные показывают, что с возрастанием уровня языковой компетентности существенно трансформируются и стратегии зрительного поиска при работе с лексической информацией, свидетельствующие о развитии более эффективных способов когнитивной обработки.Работа выполнена при поддержке проекта РФФИ № 20-013-00674

The Keyword Method training (Rus) (PsychoPy v.2022.2.5 file)

The mnemonic Keyword Method, proposed by R. Atkinson (Atkinson 1975), is considered more efficient cognitive strategy of vocabulary learning without context task, compared to rote vocabulary learning. Creating acoustic and imagery associations between the paired associates has been demonstrated to facilitate the task performance (Shapiro and Waters 2005), which can be attributed to benefits of elaboration processes in working memory as compared to refreshing (rote rehearsal) processes (Bartsch et al., 2018; Oberauer, 2019) and the benefits of dual coding (Sadoski & Paivio 2012). The paradigm is based on the Keyword Method instruction research (Wyra & Lawson, 2018; Izmalkova, 2024 (in print)). The current project comprises 4 trials of paired associate learning task (L1-pseudoword pairs) and semantic matching task. Pseudowords were created in Wuggy program (Keuleers and Brysbaert 2010). L1 (Russian) words are concrete nouns with ipm = 8.5-22.8, comprising 7 letters. Procedure: two trials without instruction, two trials after strategy instruction. Strategy instruction is provided explicitly with an excerpt from a textbook describing the Keyword method in detail (Velichkovsky, 2006, p. 431, in Rus.). The Keyword Method knowledge questionnaire follows the instruction, as described in M. Wyra and M. Lawson study (Wyra and Lawson 2018). For strategy induction purposes the associative strength of the pseudoword stimuli, defined based on previous research (Blinnikova and Izmalkova 2016), is the highest in the first trial after the instruction and the lowest in the last trial. The result of the semantic matching task is displayed immediately after each trial, enabling the participant to track the learning outcome

The Keyword Method training

The mnemonic Keyword Method, proposed by R. Atkinson (Atkinson 1975), is considered more efficient cognitive strategy of vocabulary learning without context task, compared to rote vocabulary learning. Creating acoustic and imagery associations between the paired associates has been demonstrated to facilitate the task performance (Shapiro and Waters 2005), which can be attributed to benefits of elaboration processes in working memory as compared to refreshing (rote rehearsal) processes (Bartsch et al., 2018; Oberauer, 2019) and the benefits of dual coding (Sadoski & Paivio 2012). The paradigm is based on the Keyword Method instruction research (Wyra & Lawson, 2018; Izmalkova, 2024 (in print)). The current project comprises 4 trials of paired associate learning task (L1-pseudoword pairs) and semantic matching task. Pseudowords were created in Wuggy program (Keuleers and Brysbaert 2010). Procedure: two trials without instruction, two trials after strategy instruction. The result of the semantic matching task is displayed immediately after each trial, enabling the participant to track the learning outcome. The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project NO 22-78-00222)