DISTRIBUCIJSKI KANALI PODUZEĆA STANIĆ D.O.O. : Završni rad

Organizacija distribucijskih kanala predstavlja ključan korak u ostvarivanju profitabilnosti poduzeća. Poduzeće na raspolaganju ima više distribucijskih kanala, koji se oblikuju i organiziraju prema potrebama poduzeća. Kako bi se sirovine i finalni proizvodi isporučili na željena mjesta i u željeno vrijeme koristi se fizička distribucija. Razvojem tehnologije došlo je do zasićenja tradicionalnim formama, te se društvo okreće elektroničkoj distribuciji koristeći različite elektroničke uređaje. Uzimajući u obzir broj kupaca i količinu kupnje, marketinški kanali se promatraju s aspekta krajnje i poslovne potrošnje. Roba se od proizvođača do potrošača može kretati izravnim i neizravnim kanalima. Kako bi poduzeće ostvarilo uspješno poslovanje, nužno je napraviti detaljnu analizu distribucijskih kanala. U empirijskom dijelu razrađeni su distribucjski kanali poduzeća Stanić d.o.o.The organization of distribution channels is a key step in achieving a company's profitability. The company has several distribution channels at its disposal, which are designed and organized according to the needs of the company. Physical distribution is used to deliver raw materials and final products to the desired locations and at the desired time. With the development of technology, there has been a saturation of traditional forms. Society is turning to electronic distribution using various electronic devices. Considering the number of customers and the number of purchases, marketing channels are viewed from final and business consumption. Goods can move from producer to consumer through direct and indirect channels. It is necessary to do a thorough analysis of distribution channels to make successful results. In the empirical part, detailed distribution channels of the company Stanić d.o.o. are described

Mythical creatures in Serbian and German fairy tales Мифические существа в сербских и немецких народных сказках

Предмет научног истраживања докторске дисертације представља функционална карактеризација митских бића у репрезентативним српским и немачким народним бајкама, у књижевноисторијском, књижевнотеоријском и културолошком контексту, те у контексту сагледавања фолклорних резултата у склопу расветљавања интеркултуралних веза српског и немачког народа. У средишту проучавања првенствено су се нашле „женске“ народне приповетке из збирки Вука Стефановића Караџића, „Zaubermärchen“ из целокупних издања збирки бајки браће Грим и репрезентативна изворна грађа из збирки и антологија српске и немачке усмене прозе. Одабир репрезентативних бајки нарочито је био одређен на основу најчешће заступљених митских бића у народној бајци оба народа – њихових „фантастичних“ атрибута и „чудесних“ својстава – пре свега у оним бајкама, одабраним на основу „компаративног“/„контрастивног“, односно, „конфронтативног“ приступа митолошко-магијским системима српске и немачке усмене традиције. Имајући у виду иманентну повезаност народних књижевности, древне обичајности и митолошког схватања света, основни циљ истраживања је био да се у културолошком и митопоетском богатству народних бајки оба народа уоче и компаративно испитају место и функција митских бића у систему веровања и поетици жанрова усмене прозе, утврди њихов континуитет и варијантност, учесталост и значај у моделовању сижеа, њихова улога у конструкцији и развоју догађаја у бајци и израде регистри који приказују сличности и разлике у номенклатури, функцијама, атрибутима и значењима митских бића у српским, односно, немачким народним бајкама.The subject matter of the scientific research in this PhD thesis is the functional characterisation of mythical creatures in the representative selection of Serbian and German folk tales, in the context of the history and theory of literature and the cultural context as well as the context of the folklore analysis results with the aim to shed light on the intercultural connections between the Serbian and the German nations. The focus of the analysis is on the “female” folk tales from the collections of Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, “Zaubermärchen“ from the complete edition of fairy tales by brothers Grimm and representative original samples from the collections and anthologies of Serbian and German oral prose. The selection of the representative folk tales was based on the most common mythical creatures in the folk tales of the two nations – their “fantastical” attributes and “supernatural” features – mainly in the folk tales chosen on the basis of the “comparative”/”contrasting” or “confrontational” approach to mythical-magical systems of Serbian and German oral tradition. Bearing in mind the inherent connection among folk literature, ancient customs and mythical understanding of the world, the main aim of the research was to explore the cultural and mythopoetic riches of the folk tales of both nations, to observe and comparatively examine the place and function of mythical creatures in the belief system and poetics in oral prose genres, to define their continuity and variety, frequency and significance in the plot modelling, to determine their role in the construction and sequence of events in a folk tale and to create registers which show the similarities and differences in the nomenclature, function, attributes and meaning of the mythical creatures in Serbian and German folk tales

Klinische und radiologische Verlaufskontrolle bei arthroskopisch gesichertem gering-gradigem Knorpelschaden des Kniegelenkes

In der klinischen Routine lassen sich die initialen degenerativen Kniegelenkveränderungen durch Kernspintomographie, Arthroskopie und Nah-Infrarot-Spektroskopie nachweisen. Die Arthroskopie und die Kernspintomographie sind subjektiv geprägte Methoden. Durch die Nah-Infrarot-Spektroskopie lässt sich die diagnostische Sicherheit bei der Schadenklassifikation des Knorpels erhöhen, weil die Methode Möglichkeit bietet die Knorpeldestruktion bereits in einer Phase nachzuweisen in der es noch nicht zur kernspintomographisch bzw. arthroskopisch sichtbaren Knorpelschädigung gekommen ist. Für die Abschätzung von Prädiktoren für die Therapie der Knorpelschaden bzw. Arthrose neben der Charakterisierung einzelner Knorpeldefekte ist die Kenntnis über den Gesamtzustand des Gelenkes von großer Bedeutung. Dafür wurden "Gesamtorgan"- Scores entwickelt (WORMS, WOAKS, WOAKS NIRS). Die vorgelegte Studie hat gezeigt dass die Kernspintomographie schweren Knorpelschaden nachweisen kann. Die leichteren Knorpelschäden werden im Vergleich zu Arthroskopie unterbewertet. Damit erscheint die Standard-MRT für Frühdiagnostik der Arthrose begrenzt zu sein. Die Aussagekraft der Standard- MRT in Bezug auf eine mögliche Arthroseprogression ist eingeschränkt. Dies trifft in ähnlicher Weise auch für die Standard-Arthroskopie zu. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen scheint es jedoch so zu sein dass die Spektroskopie ein objektives Verfahren ist welches in der Lage ist degenerativ veränderte Areale genau zu identifizieren und damit eine Aussage in Bezug auf den wirklichen Degenerationsgrad des Gelenkes zuzulassen

DISTRIBUCIJSKI KANALI PODUZEĆA STANIĆ D.O.O. : Završni rad

Organizacija distribucijskih kanala predstavlja ključan korak u ostvarivanju profitabilnosti poduzeća. Poduzeće na raspolaganju ima više distribucijskih kanala, koji se oblikuju i organiziraju prema potrebama poduzeća. Kako bi se sirovine i finalni proizvodi isporučili na željena mjesta i u željeno vrijeme koristi se fizička distribucija. Razvojem tehnologije došlo je do zasićenja tradicionalnim formama, te se društvo okreće elektroničkoj distribuciji koristeći različite elektroničke uređaje. Uzimajući u obzir broj kupaca i količinu kupnje, marketinški kanali se promatraju s aspekta krajnje i poslovne potrošnje. Roba se od proizvođača do potrošača može kretati izravnim i neizravnim kanalima. Kako bi poduzeće ostvarilo uspješno poslovanje, nužno je napraviti detaljnu analizu distribucijskih kanala. U empirijskom dijelu razrađeni su distribucjski kanali poduzeća Stanić d.o.o.The organization of distribution channels is a key step in achieving a company's profitability. The company has several distribution channels at its disposal, which are designed and organized according to the needs of the company. Physical distribution is used to deliver raw materials and final products to the desired locations and at the desired time. With the development of technology, there has been a saturation of traditional forms. Society is turning to electronic distribution using various electronic devices. Considering the number of customers and the number of purchases, marketing channels are viewed from final and business consumption. Goods can move from producer to consumer through direct and indirect channels. It is necessary to do a thorough analysis of distribution channels to make successful results. In the empirical part, detailed distribution channels of the company Stanić d.o.o. are described

Informal Power Structures and Godparent Networks of the Ragusan Nobility in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century

This article examines the impact of clan division within the Ragusan noble rank on the choice of godparents in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The here established clan affi liation of the baptised children and godparents elucidates as to what extent informal social divisions manifested through the institution of godparenthood, and to what point, if any, clan affi liation spilt from the political domain over into that of inter-family relations based on godparenthood

Prescribing antibiotics to preschool children in primary health care in Croatia

The use of antibiotics depends on cultural and socioeconomic factors, physician's characteristics as well as on microbiological considerations. Aim of our study was to asses antibiotic prescription among preschool children in primary health care in Croatia in relation to socioeconomic factors, symptoms and diagnoses, and type of health care provider. Retrospective longitudinal survey was conducted in 7 teaching primary health care offices in the Croatian capital of Zagreb during 2004, among 1700 preschool children. Antibiotics were prescribed to 611 (46%) children. Significantly more antibiotics were prescribed to boys (66.7%, P = 0.024) and to children whose parents had lower educational level. Most frequently antibiotics were prescribed for the symptoms such as fever (32%), cough (32.5%), nasal discharge (12%), and for the diagnoses such as respiratory diseases (J00-J99) (40%), infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-A99) (31%), and diseases of the middle ear and mastoid (H60-H95) (15%). Logistic regression analyses also predicted correlation of antibiotic prescriptions with socioeconomic factors, symptoms and diagnoses and health care of pediatrician. Prescription of antibiotics for preschool children in primary health care in Croatia related to socioeconomic factors, type of health care provider, certain symptoms and diagnosis groups which should be taken into account when assessing and planning primary health care for preschool children

GUEST EDITOR’S LETTER

GUEST EDITOR'S LETTE

Acute Toxicity Assessment of Orally Administered Microplastic Particles in Adult Male Wistar Rats

While the effects of chronic exposure to microplastic particles (MPs) are extensively studied, the outcomes of a single treatment have received relatively less attention. To investigate MPs’ potential acute toxicity, including their impact on general health status (victual consumption, sensorimotor deficits, and clinical toxicity signs) and serum biochemical parameters (markers of organ/tissue function and oxidative stress indicators), we administered thoroughly characterized MPs (1.4, 35, or 125 mg/kg), generated from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, to adult male Wistar rats via oral gavage. The MPs’ short-term effects were assessed with well-established tests and methods. The results point to the absence of sensorimotor deficits and clinical toxicity signs, while levels of markers of liver, heart, and kidney function were altered in all MP groups. Decreased victual consumption and increased levels of oxidative stress indicators were evident following treatment with the two higher MP doses. Presented data indicate that examined MPs are able to initiate the development of local changes in tissues and organs within a short time frame, potentially leading to their damage and dysfunction. This study may increase the awareness of the detrimental effects of plastic contamination, as even a single exposure to MPs may provoke adverse health outcomes

Efikasnost instrumenata monetarne i fiskalne politike u suzbijanju inflacije

Inflation as one macroeconomic variable permeates the entire economic system and affects many other macroeconomic variables in the economy, and the establishment and maintenance of price stability is imposed as one of the basic goals of economic policy of all countries. The importance of this defined topic of the doctoral dissertation is reflected in the topicality of inflation in many developing countries, but also in developed countries, and the need to apply measures and instruments of monetary and fiscal policy as the only way to successfully regulate it. Namely, only a properly set and implemented monetary framework, but with the obligatory support of the fiscal framework, can solve significant problems of an economy, such as inflation. Price instability and high inflation rates make it difficult and impossible to achieve economic growth, as well as a high standard of living for the population, as the basic goals of every country. Therefore, the social goal of this doctoral dissertation is to draw useful conclusions and practical solutions to the problem of inflation in many low- and middle-income countries where this problem is most common, but also in high-income countries where there are also many cases of high inflation. The scientific goal of the research is to use theoretical-methodological and empirical analysis to identify and qualitatively but also quantitatively define the impact of monetary and fiscal policy instruments on inflation. The subject of the research includes the analysis and measurement of the efficiency of monetary and fiscal policy instruments in the fight against inflation, consideration of the specifics of individual instruments, as well as their success in regulating the inflation rate. The paper first points out the current knowledge and theoretical explanations of inflation and the basic causes of its occurrence, theoretical approaches and the role of monetary and fiscal policy in the economy of a country, with special reference to the impact of their instruments on price stability, more precisely reducing inflation. In addition, the instruments of monetary and fiscal policy that are applied in developed and developing countries, and especially the Republic of Serbia, were identified, and, at the end of the paper, a regression analysis of the impact of monetary and fiscal policy instruments on inflation was performed. The results of the performed regression analysis confirmed the basic hypothesis of the dissertation that the inflation rate can be successfully controlled by proper and timely application of adequate measures and instruments of monetary and fiscal policy. It was especially emphasized that in order to preserve price stability, coordination in the application of monetary and fiscal policy instruments is necessary, as well as that the efficiency of monetary policy instruments is hampered by the delay effect

Regionally specific neuroprotective effect of progesterone in rat cerebral hypoperfusion model

Pro-oksidativne i pro-apoptotske promene biomolekula, uključujući lipide, proteine i DNK, koje nastaju usled smanjenja protoka krvi kroz mozak (moždana hipoperfuzija, MH) za posledicu mogu imati narušavanje strukture i funkcije ćelija prečeone moždane kore i hipokampusa. Do sada je testiran efekat brojnih jedinjenja kako bi se ublažile posledice MH, ali adekvatna terapija još uvek ne postoji. Steroidni hormon progesteron (P4) se nametnuo kao tretman u brojnim modelima neuroloških bolesti, jer smanjuje otok mozga, povećava motorne i kognitivne sposobnosti i drugo, koje nastaju usled oksidativnog/nitrozativnog stresa (OS/NS), prevazilaženja kapaciteta antioksidativne (AO) zaštite i apoptoze. Za potrebe proučavanja efekata P4 u stanju eksperimentalno izazvane trajne MH, odrasli mužjaci pacova Wistar soja podeljeni su u tri grupe: lažno operisane jedinke injecirane lanenim uljem (1 mg/kg/7 dana, kontrole), jedinke sa podvezanim karotidnim arterijama injecirane lanenim uljem (1 mg/kg/7 dana) ili P4 (1.7 mg/kg/7 dana). Potencijalne promene su praćene pomoću odgovarajućih testova ponašanja, biohemijskih i histoloških metoda. Analiza ispitivanih parametara ukazuje na to da je P4 sposoban da ublaži MH-izazvane poremećaje ponašanja, smanji obim ćelijske smrti i održi „normalnu“ morfologiju ćelija uočenu kod kontrola, kao i da regionalno-specifično moduliše indikatore OS/NS, pospeši AO i anti-apoptotsku odbranu delovanjem na enzimsku aktivnost, gensku i proteinsku ekspresiju. Predstavljeni rezultati mogu pružiti bazu za dalja ispitivanja koja bi upotpunila saznanja o efektima P4 u MH i sličnim povredama mozga.Pro-oxidative and pro-apoptotic modifications of biomolecules, including lipids, proteins and DNA, due to cerebral blood flow restriction (cerebral hypoperfusion, MH) may induce structural and functional alterations of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus cells. To date, the effect of a numerous compounds has been tested to mitigate the outcomes of MH, but adequate therapy does not yet exist. Steroid hormone progesterone (P4) has been used as a treatment in many neurological models since it reduces brain swelling, increases motor and cognitive abilities, etc, arised due to oxidative/nitrosative stress (OS/NS), deteriorated anti-oxidative (AO) capacity and apoptosis. To study the effects of P4 in experimentally induced permanent MH, adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham operated animals injected with flaxseed oil (1 mg/kg/7 days, controls), animals with permanently occluded carotid arteries treated either with flaxseed oil (1 mg/kg/7 days) or P4 (1.7 mg/kg/7 days). Potential changes were monitored using appropriate behavioural tests, biochemical and histological methods. The obtained results indicate that P4 is capable to ameliorate MH-induced behavioural disorders, reduce the extent of cell death and maintain "normal" cell morphology as observed in controls, as well as to modulate the action of tested OS/NS indicators, enhance AO and anti-apoptotic defence by acting on enzymatic activity, gene and protein expression in regional specific manner. Herein presented findings could provide a basis for further studies that would fulfill the knowledge of P4 outcomes in MH and similar brain insults