International regulation of the restriction of the use of environment

Agreements in the field of energy involve possibilities to lower consumption of natural resources and increase in production of renewable sources of energy. However, such interactions between goals and average requirements of an energy complex can be successful only when concluding similar international agreements. As the relevance of the study is energy sector of developed countries, which strives for balance of sources of electricity. Novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time agreements in the field of environmental conservation are considered as a reasonable compromise between the necessity to expand the number of applicable technologies and requirement to lower overall consumption. In this regard, the authors consider as the research object the European Union as the most harmonic combination of ecological requirements to the use of energy and general desire to compensate ecological damage. In the article, the legal framework of the agreement on energy regulation in block formation has been analysed using the example of the European Union. Practical application of the study is determined by that forming of coherent energy agreement depends on not only efforts of separate states, but also on the extent to which these conditions will be combined with economic policies and the quality content of energy conservation policies

Strategic Directions for Increasing the Share of Renewable Energy Sources in the Structure of Energy Consumption

In recent decades, the European energy sector is transforming due to the growing demand for electricity and increased requirements for ensuring the continuity of supply. In the European Union, almost 50% of energy consumption is provided through energy imports. One of the main conditions for the continuity of supply is the diversification of their sources, considered as an important prerequisite for energy security. The EU government has serious hopes for the development of alternative energy and believes that in the future "green" energy will play a significant role in the structure of energy consumption. The object of this study is renewable energy sources. The subject of the research is the problems of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the structure of energy consumption. Keywords: electric power industry, alternative energy, the electricity consumers. JEL Classifications: K32, O13, P4

Eastern Vector of Russian State Policy Development for Ensuring Energy Security

This article is dedicated to the current problem of forming the Eastern vector of oil and gas policy within new energy policy and modern circumstances. The main goal of the work is to study the energy relations between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, namely China. Using the analysis method, authors have highlighted the threats and possibilities of the influence of the current situation in the fuel and energy complex on Russia's energy security. Analysis of the existing situation on the global energy market has revealed that deepening and expansion of partnerships in economic and energy sphere with China are of interest to Russia as a Eurasian state. The basis for a partnership is a cooperation, based on China's demand for natural resources, while Russia will benefit from using effective innovation models of modernisation. Keywords: Asia-Pacific Region, Energy Sphere, Oil and Gas Policy, Raw Material Resource Potential, Energy Security, Energy Dialogue. JEL Classifications: P48, Q40

Development of Digital Economy in the Energy Industry-specific Modernization

Digitalization of economy defines the extent of possibility in the use of the single information field that could have defined the possibilities for the forecast of the enterprise's activities. The novelty of the study is in the fact that it implements the aspects of the formation of a single forecasting structure for the consumption of the energy sector's production components within a single energy information system. The paper deals with the digitalization of the energy branch based on the approach to the forecast of possible consumption of products. The practical significance of the study is defined by the fact that there is a possibility of formation of a single component on the modernization of the enterprises if they participate in applying the results of the digitalization of economy in the national production system. The implementation of the approach is illustrated by the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Keywords: energy, industry, modeling, forecasting, economy. JEL Classifications: O13, Q47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.801

The Role of Small and Medium-sized Innovative Enterprises in the Solution of the Import Substitution Task in Oil and Gas-sector Segment of the Russian Fuel and Energy Complex

Russian FEC takes leading positions in the field of oil and gas extraction, it is one of five major complexes in coal mining and power generation. Russia's fuel and energy sector is the largest energy complex in the world. This sector employs more than 2 million people, which produce more than 50 percent of the total GDP of the country. At the same time, small and medium enterprises can play a much more significant role in the development of the Russian economy, especially after the end of the recession and economic restructuring. The government needs to improve approaches in regulation of the sphere of small and medium-sized enterprises to develop their full potential. The authors analyze the measures which should be taken by the Government in order to stimulate the growth of small and medium-sized businesses in Russian fuel and energy complex. Keywords: small innovative enterprises, medium innovative enterprises, international sanctions, import substitution, territorial clusters. JEL Classifications: L53, L95, O31

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises as a Driver of Innovative Development of the Russian Fuel and Energy Complex

The urgency of the studied problem is caused by the fact that international sanctions led to a number of bans in the oil and gas industry, and there is the necessity to create the role of small and medium-sized innovative enterprises. In this regard, this article is aimed at identifying the positive and negative aspects of these enterprises, as well as their significance in the development of the oil and gas service segment. Keywords: fuel and energy complex, innovative enterprises, international sanctions, import substitution, territorial clusters JEL Classifications: O13, P18, M2

Competitiveness and Competitive Advantages of Enterprises in the Energy Sector

Traditional energy sources form the basis of the energy complex. But the use of renewable energy sources is more acceptable from the ecological point of view and contributes to the saving of oil and gas resources. Therefore, the authors analyzed the competitiveness of the use of alternative energy sources. To study the issue, the study used econometric, theoretical methods. It was found that most of the energy resources in the world and in the Russian Federation is covered by gas and oil, but alternative energy sources are gaining momentum. It is determined that in Russia the greatest percentage is occupied by bio-heat power stations, while in the world the main part is given to wind energy. Keywords: Power Complex, Wind Power, Competition, Renewable Energy, Large Business. JEL Classifications: P18, P28

Integration of Small and Middle-Sized Enterprises into Large Energy Corporations as a Factor of Business Sustainability

Small businesses are traditionally the driver of the economic growth in the conditions of market economy, so in the modern circumstances this thesis is seen as an axiom not requiring additional argumentation. Moreover, the role of small and middle-sized businesses in the acceleration in the rates of economic grows currently increases. The economic recession triggered by the sanctions as well as by the international collapse in oil prices, to an even greater degree actualized the task of searching the ways and methods of the Russian economy potential activation including more active and rational use of the most important nonmaterial resource of market economy that is business initiative. Keywords: Enterprises, small and middle-sized business, energy complex JEL Classifications: L53; M14; O1

The Faraday effect and phase transition in the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 halide perovskite single crystal

The spin degree of freedom of charge carriers in halide-perovskite semiconductors can be highly useful for information photonics applications. The Faraday effect is known to be the best indicator of paramagnetism of the material and of the spin-light interaction. In this work, the Faraday effect is demonstrated, for the first time, in a hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite MAPbI3 (MA+=CH3NH+3). The Faraday rotation and birefringence were measured across the tetragonal-cubic phase transition at 327 K. The Faraday rotation is strongly suppressed below the phase transition temperature due to anisotropy (linear birefringence) of the tetragonal crystal phase. The situation changes drastically above the phase transition temperature, when the crystal becomes optically isotropic. The emerging Faraday rotation obeys the Curie law, demonstrating its population-related paramagnetic nature. This observation opens new prospects for application of these systems and for their investigations using methods of the polarization noise spectroscopy applicable to optically anisotropic materials.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization

Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. Results: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. Conclusions: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation