A practical route to β 2,3 -amino acids with alkyl side chains

Enantiopure N(Boc)-β 3 -amino nitriles, valuable synthetic intermediates in the multistep homologation of α-amino acids, were alkylated using n-BuLi as base. Alkylations afforded easily separable, almost equimolecular mixtures of diastereomeric N(Boc)-protected syn and anti β 2,3 -amino nitriles. Suitable manipulations of both cyano and amino groups eventually led to enantiopure N- and/or C-protected β 2,3 -amino acids. For example, methanolysis using conc. HCl gas in MeOH, provides C-protected β 2,3 amino acids in excellent yields. This methodology is applied to the synthesis of a series N(Boc)-β 2,3 -dialkyl amino nitriles derived from L-phenylalanine, D-phenylalanine, L-valine and one C-protected β 2,3 amino acid. We demonstrate an efficient procedure for the preparation of anti and syn β 2,3 -amino acids with alkyl side chains, from α-amino acids in reasonable yields

Role of Scaffold Protein Proline-, Glutamic Acid-, and Leucine-Rich Protein 1 (PELP1) in the Modulation of Adrenocortical Cancer Cell Growth

PELP1 acts as an estrogen receptor (ER) coactivator that exerts an essential role in the ER's functions. ER coregulators have a critical role in the progression and response to hormonal treatment of estrogen-dependent tumors. We previously demonstrated that, in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), ER\u3b1 is upregulated and that estradiol activates the IGF-II/IGF1R signaling pathways defining the role of this functional cross-talk in H295R ACC cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine if PELP1 is expressed in ACC and may play a role in promoting the interaction between ER\u3b1 and IGF1R allowing the activation of pathways important for ACC cell growth. The expression of PELP1 was detected by Western blot analysis in ACC tissues and in H295R cells. H295R cell proliferation decrease was assessed by A3-(4,5-Dimethylthiaoly)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and [3H] thymidine incorporation. PELP1 is expressed in ACC tissues and in H295R cells. Moreover, treatment of H295R with E2 or IGF-II induced a multiprotein complex formation consisting of PELP1, IGF1R, ER\u3b1, and Src that is involved in ERK1/2 rapid activation. PELP1/ER/IGF1R/c-Src complex identification as part of E2- and IGF-II-dependent signaling in ACC suggests PELP1 is a novel and more efficient potential target to reduce ACC growth

MiR-23-TrxR1 as a novel molecular axis in skeletal muscle differentiation

Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a selenocysteine-containing protein involved in cellular redox homeostasis which is downregulated in skeletal muscle differentiation. Here we show that TrxR1 decrease occurring during myogenesis is functionally involved in the coordination of this cellular process. Indeed, TrxR1 depletion reduces myoblasts growth by inducing an early myogenesis -related gene expression pattern which includes myogenin and Myf5 up-regulation and Cyclin D1 decrease. On the contrary, the overexpression of TrxR1 during differentiation delays myogenic process, by negatively affecting the expression of Myogenin and MyHC. Moreover, we found that miR-23a and miR-23b - whose expression was increased in the early stage of C2C12 differentiation - are involved in the regulation of TrxR1 expression through their direct binding to the 3′ UTR of TrxR1 mRNA. Interestingly, the forced inhibition of miR-23a and miR-23b during C2C12 differentiation partially rescues TrxR1 levels and delays the expression of myogenic markers, suggesting the involvement of miR-23 in myogenesis via TrxR1 repression. Taken together, our results depict for the first time a novel molecular axis, which functionally acts in skeletal muscle differentiation through the modulation of TrxR1 by miR-23

Copper(II) Lysinate and Pseudoproline Assistance in the Convergent Synthesis of the GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Liraglutide and Semaglutide

A growing interest in peptides as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) requires the development of efficient strategies for their preparation. This is particularly challenging in the case of long peptides with a strong tendency for aggregation and folding. Here, we describe the pseudoproline-assisted convergent synthesis of GLP-1 receptor agonist lipopeptides liraglutide and semaglutide, which involves the stepwise condensation of three fragments in the solid phase. The insertion of a pseudoproline residue at the site of fragment coupling prevents aggregation and allows obtaining these peptides with excellent purity and high yield. In addition, for the synthesis of lipidated side chains, we developed a novel approach that involves copper(II) lysinate intermediates and can be particularly suitable for the industrial preparation of both liraglutide and semaglutide and other peptides with a similar branched structure.A growing interest in peptides as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) requires the development of efficient strategies for their preparation. This is particularly challenging in the case of long peptides with a strong tendency for aggregation and folding. Here, we describe the pseudoproline-assisted convergent synthesis of GLP-1 receptor agonist lipopeptides liraglutide and semaglutide, which involves the stepwise condensation of three fragments in the solid phase. The insertion of a pseudoproline residue at the site of fragment coupling prevents aggregation and allows obtaining these peptides with excellent purity and high yield. In addition, for the synthesis of lipidated side chains, we developed a novel approach that involves copper(II) lysinate intermediates and can be particularly suitable for the industrial preparation of both liraglutide and semaglutide and other peptides with a similar branched structure

GPER agonist G-1 decreases adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cell growth in vitro and in vivo

We have previously demonstrated that estrogen receptor (ER) alpha (ESR1) increases proliferation of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) through both an estrogen-dependent and -independent (induced by IGF-II/IGF1R pathways) manner. Then, the use of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), appears effective in reducing ACC growth in vitro and in vivo. However, tamoxifen not only exerts antiestrogenic activity, but also acts as full agonist on the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a non-steroidal GPER agonist G-1 in modulating ACC cell growth. We found that G-1 is able to exert a growth inhibitory effect on H295R cells both in vitro and, as xenograft model, in vivo. Treatment of H295R cells with G-1 induced cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and cell death by the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic mechanism. These events required sustained extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation. Silencing of GPER by a specific shRNA partially reversed G-1-mediated cell growth inhibition without affecting ERK activation. These data suggest the existence of G-1 activated but GPER-independent effects that remain to be clarified. In conclusion, this study provides a rational to further study G-1 mechanism of action in order to include this drug as a treatment option to the limited therapy of ACC

N-glycosylation profile analysis of Trastuzumab biosimilar candidates by Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography and MALDI-TOF MS approaches

The pharmaceutical market has entered an era in which the production of new therapeutics is being often replaced by “biosimilars”, copies of already commercialized products waiting for the patents to expire in order to be distributed in a more competitive and affordable manners. Due to its relevance, the ErbB2-targeted monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab (Herceptin) used as breast cancer therapy is one of the main targets in the production of biosimilars. A major challenge is to produce antibodies with the same or the closest N-glycosylation pattern seen in the commercialized drug. Several factors, such as growing conditions or cell types employed, can determine the final composition and structure of the glycans, significantly affecting the properties of the generated antibodies. Therefore, an appropriate characterization is essential. In the present study, we describe two different but complementary strategies to characterize the N-glycosylation of two biosimilar candidates of Trastuzumab. In the first case, N-glycans are fluorescently labeled and separated by Normal Phase HPLC. Different sugars will elute at different times and can be identified using specific oligosaccharide standards. In the second approach, released glycans are permethylated and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS, being able to determine the structure because of the differential sugar masses. Biological significance The characterization of the N-glycosylation sites of therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is usually one of the most critical and time consuming steps in the developing process of biosimilars or any other glycosylated drug. Herein we describe two different but complementary approaches to characterize mAbs glycosylation patterns, the use of glycan fluorescence labeling coupled to HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS profile analysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: HUPO 2014

Echocardiograph pulmonary venous flow patterns in congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow

OBJECTIVES: To describe pulmonary venous flow patterns using transthoracic echocardiograms on children suffering from different congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow. METHODS: Prospective study and consecutive selection of children suffering from congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow. The transthoracic, apical view, Doppler echocardiogram was used, positioning the sample-volume at the lower pulmonary vein, 4mm from its junction with the left atrium. The data analyzed included: dominant systolic or diastolic pulmonary venous flow and atrial contraction waveform characteristics, designated as A for absent and R for reversed. RESULTS: The study included twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 29.9 ± 58.9 months, suffering from the following congenital heart conditions: interatrial and interventricular communication defects, patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defects, total transposition of the great arteries and truncus arteriosus. All the patients presented a continuous pattern of high velocity pulmonary venous flow. Nine patients presented a dominant systolic waveform (31%), eighteen presented a dominant diastolic wave form (62%) and 2 patients had systolic and diastolic wave forms of equal amplitude (7%). Six patients (21%) presented a R atrial contraction waveform and 23 (79%) presented an A atrial contraction waveform. CONCLUSION: Congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary flow present a continuous pattern of high velocity pulmonary venous flow with alterations mainly in the atrial contraction reversal pattern.OBJETIVOS: Descrever os padrões do fluxo venoso pulmonar com ecocardiograma transtorácico em crianças com diferentes malformações cardíacas congênitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, de seleção consecutiva de crianças com malformações cardíacas congênitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. Foi utilizado ecocardiograma Doppler transtorácico, plano apical, posicionando-se a amostra de volume na veia pulmonar inferior esquerda a 4 mm da sua junção com o átrio esquerdo. Os dados analisados foram: predomínio sistólico ou diastólico do fluxo venoso pulmonar, bem como as características da onda de contração atrial, sendo denominada A quando ausente e R quando reversa. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 29 pacientes, com idade média de 29,9±58,9 meses, com as seguintes malformações congênitas: comunicações interatrial e interventricular, persistência do canal arterial, defeito septal atrioventricular, transposição completa das grandes artérias e truncus arteriosus. Em todos, o fluxo venoso pulmonar apresentou um padrão contínuo, de maior velocidade, com predomínio da onda sistólica em 9 (31%) pacientes, diastólica em 18 (62%), e com igual amplitude em 2 pacientes (7%). A onda de contração atrial foi R em 6 pacientes (21%) e A em 23 (79%) pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Nas doenças cardíacas congênitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar o fluxo venoso pulmonar apresenta um padrão contínuo, de alta velocidade, com alterações, principalmente no padrão reverso da contração atrial.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade Federal de AlagoasUNIFESPSciEL

Study of the influence of Xanthate Derivative Structures on Copper Sulfide Mineral Adsorption Under Acidic Conditions

Artículo de investigación en revista indizadaAdsorption of commercial xanthate derivatives on copper sulfide mineral (covellite, CuS) was studied by kinetics and isotherm adsorption experiments. The adsorption of xanthate derivatives was confirmed by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) results. Experiments were performed with two different xanthate derivatives, C-4410 (O-pentyl S-2-propenyl ester) and C-4940 (isobutyl xanthogen ethyl formate), on individual doses of 0.05 g of powdered covellite. It was found that the equilibrium times at pH 2, 4, and 6 were different for both xanthate derivatives. The shortest times were achieved at pH 2 and 4. The results suggest that C-4110 can be used as collector in a wide range of pH, while C-4940 is limited to lower pH values. Pseudo first- and pseudo second-order kinetics models were thus applied to the experimental data for pH 2. The information obtained from the kinetics models combined with XPS allowed proposing the adsorption mechanism for the covellite-xanthate derivative pair. The adsorption takes place through a non-covalent interaction for C-4410 and chemisorption process for C-4940. The best-fitting isotherm models for C-4410 and C-4940 adsorption were Redlich–Peterson and Freundlich, respectively, which yield a maximum adsorption capacity of 57.07 mg g 1 for C-4410 and 44.62 mg g 1 for C-4940.CONACYT CB-254952-201

Structural Model of the hUbA1-UbcH10 Quaternary Complex: In Silico and Experimental Analysis of the Protein-Protein Interactions between E1, E2 and Ubiquitin

UbcH10 is a component of the Ubiquitin Conjugation Enzymes (Ubc; E2) involved in the ubiquitination cascade controlling the cell cycle progression, whereby ubiquitin, activated by E1, is transferred through E2 to the target protein with the involvement of E3 enzymes. In this work we propose the first three dimensional model of the tetrameric complex formed by the human UbA1 (E1), two ubiquitin molecules and UbcH10 (E2), leading to the transthiolation reaction. The 3D model was built up by using an experimentally guided incremental docking strategy that combined homology modeling, protein-protein docking and refinement by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The structural features of the in silico model allowed us to identify the regions that mediate the recognition between the interacting proteins, revealing the active role of the ubiquitin crosslinked to E1 in the complex formation. Finally, the role of these regions involved in the E1–E2 binding was validated by designing short peptides that specifically interfere with the binding of UbcH10, thus supporting the reliability of the proposed model and representing valuable scaffolds for the design of peptidomimetic compounds that can bind selectively to Ubcs and inhibit the ubiquitylation process in pathological disorders

Structural model of the hUbA1-UbcH10 quaternary complex: In silico and experimental analysis of the protein-protein interactions between E1, E2 and ubiquitin

UbcH10 is a component of the Ubiquitin Conjugation Enzymes (Ubc; E2) involved in the ubiquitination cascade controlling the cell cycle progression, whereby ubiquitin, activated by E1, is transferred through E2 to the target protein with the involvement of E3 enzymes. In this work we propose the first three dimensional model of the tetrameric complex formed by the human UbA1 (E1), two ubiquitin molecules and UbcH10 (E2), leading to the transthiolation reaction. The 3D model was built up by using an experimentally guided incremental docking strategy that combined homology modeling, protein-protein docking and refinement by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The structural features of the in silico model allowed us to identify the regions that mediate the recognition between the interacting proteins, revealing the active role of the ubiquitin crosslinked to E1 in the complex formation. Finally, the role of these regions involved in the E1-E2 binding was validated by designing short peptides that specifically interfere with the binding of UbcH10, thus supporting the reliability of the proposed model and representing valuable scaffolds for the design of peptidomimetic compounds that can bind selectively to Ubcs and inhibit the ubiquitylation process in pathological disorders