Lapsen yksilöllisyyden huomioiminen esi- ja alkuopetuksen nivelvaiheessa

Tiivistelmä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisia eroja esi- ja alkuopetuksen välillä on yksilöllisyyden huomioimisessa. Vertailemme esi- ja perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmia keskenään, tavoitteena löytää eroavaisuuksia pedagogisissa käytänteissä lapsen yksilöllisyyden huomioimisen suhteen. Tarkastelemme myös millä keinoilla opettaja voi tukea lapsen yksilöllisyyttä lapsen siirtyessä esiopetuksesta alkuopetuksen pariin. Kandidaatintutkielmamme on kuvaileva, integroiva kirjallisuuskatsaus. Tämän tyyppinen kirjallisuuskatsaus on aineistolähtöistä ja ilmiön kokonaisvaltaista tarkastelua. Olemme hankkineet tutkielmaamme varten kotimaisia ja kansainvälisiä lähteitä, hyödyntäen eri tietokantoja. Tutkielmamme noudattaessa laadulliselle tutkimukselle tyypillisiä piirteitä, osa aineiston analyysi- ja tulkintaprosessista tapahtui jo aineistonhankinnan yhteydessä. Kriittinen aineistontulkinta rakentui läpi tutkielman keskustellessamme kirjallisuudesta ja niiden sisällöistä. Tutkimuksemme myötä saimme selville opetussuunnitelmien eroavan yksilöllisyyttä käsittävässä pedagogiikassa. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan opettaja voi huomioida lasten yksilöllisyyttä esi- ja alkuopetuksen nivelvaiheen aikana esimerkiksi oman pedagogisen toimintansa kautta, pienryhmäpedagogiikan avulla, opetusta eriyttämällä ja yhteistyöllä vanhempien kanssa. Tutkimuksen kautta saadut keinot tukea lasten yksilöllisyyttä ovat kirjallisuuden kautta saatuja, mutta koemme, että keinoja yksilöllisyyden tukemiseksi voi olla vielä enemmän. Tutkimuksen luotettavuutta korostaa kahden tutkijan tekemä kriittinen katsaus tuoreeseen lähdekirjallisuuteen tutkittavasta ilmiöstä. Toivomme, että tutkimuksemme avulla pystytään vastaamaan arkipäivässä esiintyviin kysymyksiin yksilöllisyydestä. Rajallisen tutkimuksen myötä tiedostamme, että tutkimuksen tuloksia ei voida kuitenkaan suoraan yleistää. Aihetta olisi tärkeää tutkia laajemmin

Complications and reoperations related to tension band wiring and plate osteosynthesis of olecranon fractures

BackgroundOlecranon fractures are common and usually treated operatively either by tension band wiring (TBW) or plate fixation (PF). The aim of this study was to assess early complications and reoperations and their predictive factors related to those operative methods.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all patients with an operatively treated olecranon fracture between 2007 and 2017 at Turku University hospital was performed. Reoperations, postoperative complications, and potential risk factors for these were recorded.ResultsA total of 434 patients (387 TBW and 47 PF) were identified. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of early complications (49% vs. 62%, P = .262) or reoperations (38% vs. 53%, P = .079) between patients treated with TBW and PF. In the TBW group, the intramedullary placement of Kirschner (K)-wires predisposed patients to complications compared to transcortical placement of the K-wires according to multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] 1.94, P = .026). Younger age was associated with the frequency of reoperations, the odds decreasing 24% for every 10 years of age (P P = .002). Also, excellent postoperative reduction was associated with higher reoperation rate than good or fair reduction (OR 0.48, P = .033).ConclusionThere is a high risk of early complications and reoperations associated to both TBW and PF. Transcortical positioning of K-wires may reduce the rate of complications in TBW.Level of EvidenceLevel III; Retrospective Cohort Comparison; Treatment Study</p

Hydrostaticity and hidden order: effects of experimental conditions on the temperature-pressure phase diagram of URu2Si2

The pressure-dependence of the hidden order phase transition of URu2Si2 is shown to depend sensitively upon the quality of hydrostatic pressure conditions during electrical resistivity measurements. Hysteresis in pressure is demonstrated for two choices of pressure medium: the commonly-used mixture of 1:1 Fluorinert FC70/FC77 and pure FC75. In contrast, no hysteresis is observed when the pressure medium is a 1:1 mixture of n-pentane/isoamyl alcohol, as it remains hydrostatic over the entire studied pressure range. Possible ramifications for the interpretation of the temperature-pressure phase diagram of URu2Si2 are discussed.Comment: 9 pgs, 2 figs, accepted by High Pressure Researc

Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: Neurological disorders are now the leading source of disability globally, and ageing is increasing the burden of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. We aimed to determine the global burden of Parkinson's disease between 1990 and 2016 to identify trends and to enable appropriate public health, medical, and scientific responses. METHODS: Through a systematic analysis of epidemiological studies, we estimated global, regional, and country-specific prevalence and years of life lived with disability for Parkinson's disease from 1990 to 2016. We estimated the proportion of mild, moderate, and severe Parkinson's disease on the basis of studies that used the Hoehn and Yahr scale and assigned disability weights to each level. We jointly modelled prevalence and excess mortality risk in a natural history model to derive estimates of deaths due to Parkinson's disease. Death counts were multiplied by values from the Global Burden of Disease study's standard life expectancy to compute years of life lost. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were computed as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost. We also analysed results based on the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. FINDINGS: In 2016, 6·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·0-7·3) individuals had Parkinson's disease globally, compared with 2·5 million (2·0-3·0) in 1990. This increase was not solely due to increasing numbers of older people, because age-standardised prevalence rates increased by 21·7% (95% UI 18·1-25·3) over the same period (compared with an increase of 74·3%, 95% UI 69·2-79·6, for crude prevalence rates). Parkinson's disease caused 3·2 million (95% UI 2·6-4·0) DALYs and 211 296 deaths (95% UI 167 771-265 160) in 2016. The male-to-female ratios of age-standardised prevalence rates were similar in 2016 (1·40, 95% UI 1·36-1·43) and 1990 (1·37, 1·34-1·40). From 1990 to 2016, age-standardised prevalence, DALY rates, and death rates increased for all global burden of disease regions except for southern Latin America, eastern Europe, and Oceania. In addition, age-standardised DALY rates generally increased across the Socio-demographic Index. INTERPRETATION: Over the past generation, the global burden of Parkinson's disease has more than doubled as a result of increasing numbers of older people, with potential contributions from longer disease duration and environmental factors. Demographic and potentially other factors are poised to increase the future burden of Parkinson's disease substantially

A review of zoonotic infection risks associated with the wild meat trade in Malaysia.

The overhunting of wildlife for food and commercial gain presents a major threat to biodiversity in tropical forests and poses health risks to humans from contact with wild animals. Using a recent survey of wildlife offered at wild meat markets in Malaysia as a basis, we review the literature to determine the potential zoonotic infection risks from hunting, butchering and consuming the species offered. We also determine which taxa potentially host the highest number of pathogens and discuss the significant disease risks from traded wildlife, considering how cultural practices influence zoonotic transmission. We identify 51 zoonotic pathogens (16 viruses, 19 bacteria and 16 parasites) potentially hosted by wildlife and describe the human health risks. The Suidae and the Cervidae families potentially host the highest number of pathogens. We conclude that there are substantial gaps in our knowledge of zoonotic pathogens and recommend performing microbial food safety risk assessments to assess the hazards of wild meat consumption. Overall, there may be considerable zoonotic risks to people involved in the hunting, butchering or consumption of wild meat in Southeast Asia, and these should be considered in public health strategies

Improving the accuracy of the Chebyshev rational approximation method using substeps

The Chebyshev rational approximation method (CRAM) for solving the decay and depletion of nuclides is shown to have a remarkable decrease in error when advancing the system with the same time step and microscopic reaction rates as the previous step. This property is exploited here to achieve high accuracy in any end-of-step solution by dividing a step into equidistant substeps. The computational cost of identical substeps can be reduced significantly below that of an equal number of regular steps, as the lower-upper decompositions for the linear solutions required in CRAM need to be formed only on the first substep. The improved accuracy provided by substeps is most relevant in decay calculations, where there have previously been concerns about the accuracy and generality of CRAM. With substeps, CRAM can solve any decay or depletion problem with constant microscopic reaction rates to an extremely high accuracy for all nuclides with concentrations above an arbitrary limit