Vienne 38 - Cathédrale Saint-Maurice - Façade nord - Travées 5 à 13 -: Rhône-Alpes / Département de l'Isère (38)

Depuis avril 2008, plusieurs campagnes archéologiques ont été menées, à la demande de la Ville de Vienne, sur les façades nord de l’ancienne cathédrale Saint-Maurice. La cathédrale, qui domine les quartiers établis sur la rive gauche du Rhône, fut érigée en étapes successives comprises entre le XIIe et le XVIe siècle. Plusieurs auteurs se sont attachés à décrire cette évolution mais sans que celle-ci ne se fonde sur une étude archéologique fine des parements. Les données les mieux connues proviennent de la lecture des textes d’archive et de l’analyse stylistique de l’architecture et des chapiteaux. La restauration des façades septentrionales a été l’occasion pour la société Archeodunum de conduire une opération archéologique du bâti suivant les objectifs fixés dans le cahier des charges du SRA Rhône-Alpes.Cette intervention, répartie en quatre tranches, s’est déroulée suivant les travaux de restauration qui ont progressé de deux travées en deux travées depuis l’ouest. Les campagnes archéologiques ont débuté à partir de la travée 5. Pour chaque tranche l’examen a porté sur les murs gouttereaux de la nef et des chapelles mais aussi sur les arcs-boutants. Les données recueillies ont permis de circonscrire les restaurations réalisées par les architectes Charles-Auguste Questel et Eugène Senès, respectivement aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Mais surtout, les nombreux indices archéologiques, enregistrés entre les travées 5 et 13 nord, révèlent quatre états de construction réalisés en plusieurs phases de chantiers.On a pu ainsi cerner, les travaux du XIIIe siècle réalisés sous l’épiscopat de Jean de Bernin (1218-1266) a qui l’on doit la reconstruction de la cathédrale gothique en installant un chevet précédé de deux travées de chœur contre la nef du XIIe siècle. L’étude des travées du clair-étage a montré que leur construction au cours du XIVe siècle se poursuivait par à coup, sur la nef du XIIe siècle, indépendamment du chantier des chapelles qui progresse en ceinturant et en éventrant le mur du bas-côté nord de la nef romane entre ses contreforts.Au niveau du clair-étage, l’avancement des chantiers du XIVe siècle détruit au fur et à mesure la nef romane pour mettre en place le triforium au-dessus de ses grandes arcades et au revers de ses contreforts. Grâce à la mise en évidence des contreforts romans sur toute l’élévation du comble, nous avons acquis la certitude que l’ancienne nef s’élevait au moins 5 mètres au-dessus de l’appui du triforium du projet gothique. Nous serions même tentés d’envisager, au regard de ces indices, mais aussi du raffinement et de la quantité des ornements architecturaux sculptés, que la cathédrale des archevêques Pierre (1121-1125) ou Étienne 1er (1129-1145) était finie au moins jusqu’à la naissance des voûtes. Nous ne pouvons préciser si la voûte a été construite ou si une charpente l’a remplacée ; en tout cas les piles fasciculées ont été pensées à dessein et les organes d’épaulement bâtis jusqu’au toit.Nous avons acquis aussi la certitude que le triforium gothique était ouvert sur le comble par des arcades jumelées. Certes, ces ouvertures étaient indispensables puisque la circulation horizontale depuis le triforium était condamnée par une tour d’escalier et un contrefort. Mais au lieu de ménager de simples portes à l’arrière du triforium, le projet a été bien plus ambitieux, il a consisté à ouvrir entièrement le triforium sur le comble à la manière d’une grande tribune capable d’accueillir du monde. Ce comble ouvert était aussi un moyen de relier la tour d’escalier adossée au bas-côté aux tours du clair-étage. Toutes ces questions de circulation mériteraient d’être étudiées avec plus de précision

Unraveling the complex interplay between anti-tumor immune response and autoimmunity mediated by B cells and autoantibodies in the era of anti-checkpoint monoclonal antibody therapies

The intricate relationship between anti-tumor immunity and autoimmunity is a complex yet crucial aspect of cancer biology. Tumor microenvironment often exhibits autoimmune features, a phenomenon that involves natural autoimmunity and the induction of humoral responses against self-antigens during tumorigenesis. This induction is facilitated by the orchestration of anti-tumor immunity, particularly within organized structures like tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). Paradoxically, a significant number of cancer patients do not manifest autoimmune features during the course of their illness, with rare instances of paraneoplastic syndromes. This discrepancy can be attributed to various immune-mediated locks, including regulatory or suppressive immune cells, anergic autoreactive lymphocytes, or induction of effector cells exhaustion due to chronic stimulation. Overcoming these locks holds the risk to induce autoimmune mechanisms during cancer progression, a phenomenon notably observed with anti-immune checkpoint therapies, in contrast to more conventional treatments like chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, the challenge arises in managing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment, as decoupling them from the anti-tumor activity poses a significant clinical dilemma. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the link between B-cell driven anti-tumor responses and autoimmune reactions in cancer patients, and discusses the clinical implications of this relationship

Snow accumulation and ablation measurements in a midlatitude mountain coniferous forest (Col de Porte, France, 1325 m altitude): the Snow Under Forest (SnoUF) field campaign data set

Forests strongly modify the accumulation, metamorphism and melting of snow in midlatitude and high-latitude regions. Recently, snow routines in hydrological and land surface models were improved to incorporate more accurate representations of forest snow processes, but model intercomparison projects have identified deficiencies, partly due to incomplete knowledge of the processes controlling snow cover in forests. The Snow Under Forest (SnoUF) project was initiated to enhance knowledge of the complex interactions between snow and vegetation. Two field campaigns, during the winters 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, were conducted in a coniferous forest bordering the snow study at Col de Porte (1325 m a.s.l., French Alps) to document the snow accumulation and ablation processes. This paper presents the field site, the instrumentation and the collection and postprocessing methods. The observations include distributed forest characteristics (tree inventory, lidar measurements of forest structure, subcanopy hemispherical photographs), meteorology (automatic weather station and an array of radiometers), snow cover and depth (snow pole transect and laser scan) and snow interception by the canopy during precipitation events. The weather station installed under dense canopy during the first campaign has been maintained since then and has provided continuous measurements throughout the year since 2018. Data are publicly available from the repository of the Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG) data center at https://doi.org/10.17178/SNOUF.2022 (Sicart et al., 2022).</p

Whole blood transcriptome profiles of trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle highlight a differential modulation of metabolism and immune response during infection by Trypanosoma congolense

Animal African trypanosomosis, caused by blood protozoan parasites transmitted mainly by tsetse flies, represents a major constraint for millions of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. Exposed cattle include trypanosusceptible indicine breeds, severely affected by the disease, and West African taurine breeds called trypanotolerant owing to their ability to control parasite development, survive and grow in enzootic areas. Until now the genetic basis of trypanotolerance remains unclear. Here, to improve knowledge of the biological processes involved in trypanotolerance versus trypanosusceptibility, we identified bovine genes differentially expressed in five West African cattle breeds during an experimental infection by Trypanosoma congolense and their biological functions. To this end, whole blood genome-wide transcriptome of three trypanotolerant taurine breeds (N’Dama, Lagune and Baoulé), one susceptible zebu (Zebu Fulani) and one African taurine x zebu admixed breed (Borgou) were profiled by RNA sequencing at four time points, one before and three during infection. As expected, infection had a major impact on cattle blood transcriptome regardless of the breed. The functional analysis of differentially expressed genes over time in each breed confirmed an early activation of the innate immune response, followed by an activation of the humoral response and an inhibition of T cell functions at the chronic stage of infection. More importantly, we highlighted overlooked features, such as a strong disturbance in host metabolism and cellular energy production that differentiates trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible breeds. N’Dama breed showed the earliest regulation of immune response, associated with a strong activation of cellular energy production, also observed in Lagune, and to a lesser extent in Baoulé. Susceptible Zebu Fulani breed differed from other breeds by the strongest modification in lipid metabolism regulation. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the biological mechanisms at work during infection, especially concerning the interplay between immunity and metabolism that seems differentially regulated depending on the cattle breeds

Money for writing: Screenplay development and screenwriters earnings in French cinema

The funds allocated to developing screenplays currently constitute on average 2 to 3% of the overall budget of a film in France. Producers are more than ever dependent on presenting attractive draft screenplays to find their financial partners. As a result, screenwriters undoubtedly are active economic partners of production planning, but they do not seem to receive much professional recognition for this vital role. Moreover, their earnings often fail to reflect the amount of work produced and do not reward adequately the risks taken, including the possibility that production could stop after the screenplay is written. This article investigates the place of screenplay development within the economics of French cinema. Using recently published official reports and interviews, the author identifies different types of screenwriters – freestanding screenwriters, writing teams and screenwriters co-writing with the director – and addresses their working conditions. She surveys some of the contract modalities for the remuneration of professional screenwriters. Finally, she reviews the proposals made by different professional bodies to improve the remuneration of screenwriters and reform the financing of screenwriting

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer, studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory, a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), it aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over an hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR, browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters. Finally we briefly discuss on the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, and touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation, and finally on the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. (abridged).Comment: 48 pages, 29 figures, Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy with minor editin

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory. Athena is a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, as selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), X-IFU aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over a hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR (i.e. in the course of its preliminary definition phase, so-called B1), browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters, such as the instrument efficiency, spectral resolution, energy scale knowledge, count rate capability, non X-ray background and target of opportunity efficiency. Finally, we briefly discuss the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation and the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. The X-IFU will be provided by an international consortium led by France, The Netherlands and Italy, with ESA member state contributions from Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, with additional contributions from the United States and Japan.The French contribution to X-IFU is funded by CNES, CNRS and CEA. This work has been also supported by ASI (Italian Space Agency) through the Contract 2019-27-HH.0, and by the ESA (European Space Agency) Core Technology Program (CTP) Contract No. 4000114932/15/NL/BW and the AREMBES - ESA CTP No.4000116655/16/NL/BW. This publication is part of grant RTI2018-096686-B-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. This publication is part of grant RTI2018-096686-B-C21 and PID2020-115325GB-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Expérience de l'utilisation sur six mois de la mesure continue du glucose couplée à la pompe Veo dans une population de patients diabétiques de type 1 instables

Contexte: L'apport de la mesure continue du glucose (MCG) dans le diabète instable n'est pas connu. Objectif: Evaluer le bénéfice de la MCG couplée à la pompe Paradigm® Veo chez des patients diabétiques de type 1 instables. Méthodes: Dans cette étude observationnelle sur 6 mois menée chez 13 patients diabétiques de type 1 instables, l'HbA1c et la variabilité glycémique à l'initiation de la MCG et à 6 mois ont été comparées. La satisfaction vis-à-vis de ce traitement a été évaluée par une traduction du questionnaire CGM-SAT. Résultats: Une réduction de l'HbA1c était observée (médiane -0,35%, min -1,7, max +0,4, p=0,046) et associée au temps de port du capteur: médiane -0,7% vs 0, pour un port respectivement >=70% ou=70%) vs 0, min -0,5, max +0,4 (sensor use <70%) (p=0,037), with no impact on hypoglycemia. Satisfaction scores were high. Conclusion: The use of RT-CGM (Paradigm® Veo ) in these patients with brittle diabetes is associated with improved glycemic control and high treatment satisfaction.RENNES1-BU Santé (352382103) / SudocSudocFranceF