Розробка методу сегментування складноструктурованих зображень з космічних систем спостереження на основі алгоритму рою частинок

This paper considers the improved method for segmenting complex structured images acquired from space observation systems based on the particle swarm algorithm. Unlike known ones, the method for segmenting complex structured images based on the particle swarm algorithm involves the following: – highlighting brightness channels in the Red-Green-Blue color space; – using a particle swarm method in the image in each channel of brightness of the RGB color space; – image segmentation is reduced to calculating the objective function, moving speed, and a new location for each swarm particle in the image in each RGB color space brightness channel. Experimental studies have been conducted on the segmentation of a complex structured image by a method based on the particle swarm algorithm. It was established that the improved segmentation method based on the particle swarm algorithm makes it possible to segment complex structured images acquired from space surveillance systems. A comparison of the quality of segmenting a complex structured image was carried out. The comparative visual analysis of well-known and improved segmentation methods indicates the following: – the improved segmentation method based on the particle swarm algorithm highlights more objects of interest (objects of military equipment); – the well-known k-means method assigns some objects of interest (especially those partially covered with snow) to the snow cover (marked in blue); – the improved segmentation method also associates some objects of interest that are almost completely covered with snow with the snow cover (marked in blue). It has been established that the improved segmentation method based on the particle swarm algorithm reduces segmentation errors of the first kind by an average of 12 % and reduces segmentation errors of the second kind by an average of 8 %Удосконалено метод сегментування складноструктурованих зображень з космічних систем спостереження на основі алгоритму рою частинок. На відміну від відомих, метод сегментування складноструктурованих зображень на основі алгоритму рою частинок передбачає: – виділення каналів яскравості в кольоровому просторі Red-Green-Blue; – використання методу рою частинок на зображенні в кожному каналі яскравості кольорового простору RGB; – сегментування зображення зведено до обчислення цільової функції, швидкості переміщення та нового місцеположення для кожної частинки рою на зображенні в кожному каналі яскравості кольорового простору RGB. Проведені експериментальні дослідження щодо сегментування складноструктурованого зображення методом на основі алгоритму рою частинок. Встановлено, що удосконалений метод сегментування на основі алгоритму рою частинок дозволяє проводити сегментування складноструктурованих зображень з космічних систем спостереження. Проведено порівняння якості сегментування складноструктурованого зображення. Порівняльний візуальний аналіз відомого та удосконаленого методів сегментування свідчить про наступне: – удосконалений метод сегментування на основі алгоритму рою частинок виділяє більше об’єктів інтересу (об’єктів військової техніки); – відомий метод k-means відносить деякі об’єкти інтересу (особливо ті, які частково покриті снігом) до снігового покрову (відмічені синім кольором); – удосконалений метод сегментування також відносить деякі об’єкти інтересу, що практично повністю покриті снігом до снігового покрову (відмічені синім кольором). Встановлено, що удосконалений метод сегментування на основі алгоритму рою частинок забезпечує зниження помилок сегментування І роду в середньому на 12 % та зниження помилок сегментування ІI роду в середньому на 8 

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m² of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders) were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days) or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m² sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure) in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325) or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%) of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%) of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR] 0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%) of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%) of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%) patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%) in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding AbbVi

Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of bodysurface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 ), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of endstage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; CREDENCE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02065791.

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Характер поширення емерджентного для України цирковірус свиней 2 типу в період з 2007 по 2012 роки

Pathogenic Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a causal agent of many PCV‑2‑assocciated diseases of pigs, including porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome. Those diseases have a harmful effect by pigs’ production. Also, hotbeds of this infection are providing wide spread of this virus around the world. Ukraine is one of «hotspot» for PCV‑2‑assocciated infection, but has not enough information about distribution of this virus. Therefore, we have conducted a study to identify the causative agent of the mentioned disease. This article summarizes the results obtained by studying pathological material during the period from 2007 to 2012 by molecular diagnostics (PCR). Our results show that the distribution area for PCV-2 in Ukraine is mostly Ternopil’ (80 %), Kirovograd (60 %), Vinnitsa (57 %), and Dnipropetrovs’k (52 %) regions. It is less common in Kharkov (35 %), Cherkassy and Zaporizhya (both 27 %), and Lviv (33 %) regions. Nevertheless, some regions – like Zhitomir, Ivano-Frankivsk and Luhansk regions and Volyn’ – require a detailed study on the spread of the PCV-2В статті підсумовуються результати, отримані шляхом вивчення патологічного матеріалу в період з 2007 по 2012 рр. на наявність цирковірусу свиней 2 типу. Наші результати показують, що основна територія де циркулює PCV-2 в Україні – це Тернопільська (80 %), Кіровоградська (60 %), Вінницька (57 %) та Дніпропетровська (52 %) област

Educational and methodological complex on the subject "Radioecology"

Навчально-методичний комплекс з дисципліни "Радіоекологія" для здобувачів вищої освіти освітнього ступеня "Бакалавр" спеціальності 101 "Екологія"Місце дисципліни в системі професійної підготовки фахівця. Дана навчальна дисципліна є теоретичною основою сукупності знань та вмінь, що формують профіль фахівця в галузі природничих наук. Метою навчальної дисципліни «Радіоекологія» є отримання студентами знань про радіонукліди (природні та штучні), їх властивості, поведінку в довкілля, джерела надходження радіоактивних речовин у біосферу, можливості їх використання в наукових дослідженнях, медицині, промисловості та сільському господарстві. Завданнями навчальної дисципліни є: - отримання знань про радіоактивні речовини, джерела надходження радіонуклідів у біосферу, їх властивості та поведінку в навколишньому середовищі; - розробка та впровадження у практичну діяльність сучасних методів і моделей, що являють собою засоби оцінки та прогнозування впливу радіонуклідів на довкілля; - недопущення та можливість прогнозування негативних наслідків радіоекологічних катастроф, планування оптимальних заходів щодо пом’якшення наслідків та ліквідації аварій будь-яких типів; - завчасне прийняття профілактичних, охоронних заходів для управління ризиками забруднень радіонуклідами і аварійних станів довкілля.The place of the subject in the professional training system of a specialist. This educational subject is the theoretical basis of the set of knowledge and skills that form the profile of a specialist in the field of natural sciences. The goal of the subject "Radioecology" is for students to gain knowledge about radionuclides (natural and artificial), their properties, behavior in the environment, sources of radioactive substances entering the biosphere, and the possibility of their use in scientific research, medicine, industry and agriculture. The tasks of the academic subject are: - acquiring knowledge about radioactive substances, sources of radionuclides entering the biosphere, their properties and behavior in the environment; - development and implementation into practical activity of modern methods and models, which are means of assessing and forecasting the impact of radionuclides on the environment; - prevention and the possibility of forecasting the negative consequences of radio-ecological disasters, planning optimal measures to mitigate the consequences and eliminate accidents of any type; - early adoption of preventive and protective measures to manage the risks of radionuclide contamination and environmental emergencies