Korištenje otpadnog mulja i diatomita kao medija u proizvodnji sadnica običnog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) i procjena preživljavanja sadnica na terenu

Although several organic and inorganic substrates are added to growing media for improving its physical and chemical characteristics, the need for search of new materials and/or mixtures that reduces the high-priced peat content in substrates is still interesting. This study evaluated the feasibility of reducing the peat content in substrates by replacing it with different amounts of diatomite and sewage sludge for Scots pine seedling (Pinus sylvestris L.) growth and their land performance. In order to evaluate the feasibility of reducing the peat content in substrates by replacing it with different amounts of diatomite and sewage sludge, an experiment was carried out in a temperature-controlled greenhouse under natural light. To evaluate the land performance of Scots pine seedlings grown in different substrates, a trial was established between the years 2013-2017 in Sarıkamış, Kars (NE Anatolia). Sewage sludge application, due to its high organic matter and macro and micronutrient content, has improved the composition of the rhizosphere, thereby resulting in growth acceleration. As a result of the evaluations made in terms of both seedling morphological characteristics and land performance; the best performance was determined in the 9th (50%P+50%SS) and 3rd (75%SS+25%DE) mixtures.Unatoč tome što se supstratu za uzgoj dodaju određeni organski i anorganski supstrati kako bi se poboljšale njegove fizičke i kemijske karakteristike, i dalje je zanimljiva potreba za istraživanjem novih materijala i/ili smjesa koje smanjuju udio skupocjenog treseta u supstratima. U ovom radu procijenit će se izvedivost smanjenja sadržaja treseta u supstratima njegovom zamjenom s različitim količinama diatometa i mulja iz otpadnih voda za rast sadnica običnog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) te njihovo preživljavanje na terenu. Kako bi se procijenila izvedivost smanjenja sadržaja treseta u supstratima zamjenom s različitim količinama diatometa i mulja iz otpadnih voda, provedeno je istraživanje u stakleniku, pod prirodnim svjetlom i u kontroliranim temperaturnim uvjetima. Između 2013. i 2017. godine u mjestu Sarıkamış, Kars (SI Anadolija) pokrenuto je istraživanje kojim će se procijeniti učinak koje zemljište ima na sadnice običnog bora koje rastu u različitim supstratima. Visoko organske tvari te makro i mikrohranjivi sastojci koji se nalaze u mulju iz otpadnih voda poboljšali su sastav rizosfere. što je rezultiralo bržim rastom sadnica. Kao rezultat evaluacija obavljenih u pogledu morfoloških karakteristika sadnica i utjecaja koji zemljište ima na preživljavanje sadnica; najbolji učinak postignut je u 9. (50%P + 50%SS) i 3. smjesi (75%SS + 25%DE)

Effects of the application of anaerobically digested sewage sludge on the consistency limits and compaction characteristics of differently textured soils

Notwithstanding their beneficial characteristics, the agricultural utilization of organic wastes may have an adverse effect on soil properties if used improperly. To evaluate proper use, a laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effects of different sewage sludge application doses (0, 2, 4, and 8% weight/weight) on the consistency limits and the compaction characteristics of three differently textured soils. The application of sewage sludge significantly improved the consistency limits and reduced the compactibility. The efficacy depended on the amount applied. The rates of increase in liquid limit (LL) values at 8% sewage sludge were 58.7% for sandy loam, 43.4% for loam, and 16.2% for clay soil. As the application dose increased, the optimum moisture content (OMC) values increased and the maximum dry bulk density (MBD) values decreased. The highest application dose decreased the MBD by 9.5% in sandy loam, by 6.5% in loam, and by 13.7% in clay-textured soils. The rates of increase in OMC values were 73.4%, 53.8%, and 27.1%, for sandy loam, loam, and clay, respectively. The results presented in this study clearly indicated that the application of sewage sludge made the soils more resistant to mechanical forces, since the increase in the proportion of OMC over LL and PL implied that the soil was easier to till at higher moisture contents without any deformation, which also resulted in a higher workable range

Effects of Changes in Water Use on Rural Landscape Integrity: Tortum Lake Watershed, Turkey

The effects of changes in water use of Tortum Lake watershed were studied. This study investigates the effects of changes in water use culture, and its reflection on landscape during the last 35 years time period. In the last 35 years of time period, factors which caused the changes in type of water use can be discussed and determined under four subjects, which are; (1) fountains constructed built in Tortum Lake watershed by General Directorate of Rural Services (KHGM) in 1975 (2) facilitating the transportation which increased the urban integration, widespread communication, establishing the drinking and usable water systems, (3) changes in water use of traditional agriculture system and establishment of trout production facilities, and (4) establishment of high plateau roads and spreading the recreational activities. From this study, evident changes in (1) structure of cultural and rural landscape (2) sort of traditional architecture (3) type of household water use, were observed. It was found that water resources are contaminated with household pollutants. Key words: Water use culture; rural landscape; Tortum Lake watershed. DOI: 10.3329/jard.v7i1.4434 J Agric Rural Dev 7(1&amp;2), 139-144, June 2009</jats:p

Effects of Sewage Sludge Application on Yield, Yield Parameters and Heavy Metal Content of Barley Grown under Arid Climatic Conditions

Environmental pollution can be minimized with reducing the amount of wastes emerged, harmonizing the wastes with environment and land use of waste materials. Sewage sludge, a by-product of wastewater treatment, can be used as a replacement and/or amendment for natural materials. However, it should be noted that sewage sludge contains heavy metals and soluble salts, which could be toxic to the soil and plants. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different sewage sludge application rates, which were 0, 4, 8 and 12 t da(-1), on yield, yield parameters, and heavy metal uptake of barley grown under arid climatic conditions. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 12 plots, between years 2005-2007. Results obtained from this study have shown that sewage sludge is an effective way to improve yield, yield parameters and metal content of barley under arid climatic conditions. The most effective application rate was found as 12 t da(-1) in this study. However, it should be noted that this situation depends on ecological conditions and species. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of sewage sludge on other plant species. (C) 2012 Friends Science Publisher

Effects of Sewage Sludge Application on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of a Soil Affected by Wind Erosion

Erosion is considered as a main problem for the loss of arable land around the world. As the world arable land is reaching its limit, marginal areas, such as those prone to wind erosion, have gained importance for agricultural use. A simple and effective way of restoring wind eroded soils is addition of organic materials. Sewage sludge can be an effective way to solve this problem. The effect of sewage sludge application on some physical and chemical properties of a soil affected by wind erosion was studied during 2004 - 2007 in Igdir plain (Aralik), Turkey. Sewage sludge was applied at the rates of 0, 40, 80 and 120 t ha(-1) (dry weight). The experiments were conducted for three years using a complete randomized block design with three replications in 12 plots, where barley (Hordeum vulgare) was sown. Sewage sludge application not only improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil, but also increased barley yield. However, increased yield was not sufficiently high. In order to achieve satisfactory yields, annual application of sewage sludge at the rate of, at least, 40 t ha(-1) is required

Application of Sewage Sludge as a Soil Physical and Chemical Amendment

The effect of sewage sludge application on some soil physical and chemical properties was studied between years 2004 and 2007 in Igdir plain (Aralik), Turkey. The experiments were conducted using a complete randomized block design with three replications in 12 plots, each measuring 3.0 m x 3.0 m (9 m(2)). Anaerobic digested sewage sludge, obtained from wastewater treatment plant of Municipality of Ankara, was mixed to the arable layer (0 - 25 cm) of the experimental site in July 2004 in the rates of 0 (Control), 4, 8 and 12 t da(-1) dry weight of sewage sludge, no sewage sludge application was made after this date. Application of sewage sludge to saline-sodic soil enhanced not only soil physical properties but also chemical properties. However, this effect has changed with years and application rates. Considering the physical and chemical properties, the most effective application ratio was found as 12 t da(-1). But these positive effects were not reached to desired levels in soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Therefore, application of sewage sludge to saline-sodic soils should be done after reclamation. Results obtained have showed that sewage sludge is an alternative way to improve soil physical and chemical properties and productivity, as well as to protect environmental pollution

EFFECT OF DIATOMITE ON GROWTH OF STRAWBERRY

Diatomite is a sedimentary rock primarily composed of the fossilized remains of unicellular fresh water plants known as Diatoms. However, its usage in horticulture is not common. It is mostly used as a filter material in industry. It is very finely porous, very low in density, and essentially chemically inert in most liquids and gases. These properties make diatomite an excellent growing media for horticultural applications. This study was carried out to characterize some physical and physico-chemical properties of diatomite and its potential use as a growing media for strawberry. For this aim two grades (2-4 mm (DE-I) and 4-8 mm (DE-II)) of diatomite and three amendment levels were used. Results obtained from this study have shown that diatomite is an effective amendment to improve water holding capacity of light textured soils. Among the substrates tested, the highest water retention capacity was obtained from 30% DE-I treatment