Children's work and schooling - does gender matter? : evidence from the Peru LSMS panel data

Using panel data from Peru, the author investigates the determinants of the allocation of boys'and girls'time to schooling, housework, and income-generating activities. Specifically, she explores whether sickness, female headship, access to infrastructure, and employment of women in the household have different impacts on the time use of boys and girls. Girls mostly engage in housework, and boys mostly work outside the home. As a work activity, housework responds to economic incentives and constraints. The author's econometric findings suggest that changes in household welfare affect girls'work and schooling more than boys'. Even though boys'and girls'educational attainment rates are the same, girls'education responds more to changes in household welfare than does boys'. Similarly, girls are more likely than boys to adjust their home time in response to changes in adult female employment and to sickness of household members. Lack of access to energy infrastructure lowers the educational attainment of both boys and girls but has little affect on their labor. The traditional approach to the determinants of child labor and education excludes housework and may understate children's time use, particularly that of girls. It may therefore also overlook an important gender dimension of education policy. Safety nets that protect household incomes from employment shocks and sickness, and childcare programs that allow women to work, would reduce the likelihood of girls being pulled out of school.Scientific Research&Science Parks,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Gender and Development,Public Health Promotion,Children and Youth,Youth and Governance,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Adolescent Health,Street Children,Children and Youth

DIGITAL LIBRARY BATIK IKONIK (DIGI_LITIKON) SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN

Semakin berkembangnya teknologi menyebabkan semakin besarnya kebutuhan manusia terhadap perangkat lunak khususnya dalam bidang pendidikan. Untuk mendukung siswa dalam mendapatkan informasi sumber belajar dikembangkan aplikasi digital library batik ikonik (digi_litikon). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas aplikasi Digi_litikon pada aspek functionality, reliability, efficiency portability dan usability. metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif yaitu mengumpulkan data dari aspek-aspek pengujian aplikasi yang nantinya akan di persentasekan untuk mendapatkan nilai kelayakan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pengujian functionality, reliability dan portability mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan, aspek efficiency masih terdapat kelemahan dan pada aspek usability dengan hasil cukup tinggi.;--The development of technology has led to growing human needs for software, especially in the field of education. To support students in getting information on learning resources, an iconic batik digital library application was developed (digi_litikon). This study aims to determine the quality of Digi_litikon applications in aspects of functionality, reliability, efficiency, portability and usability. The method used is a quantitative descriptive method that is collecting data from aspects of application testing which will later be in percentage to get a feasibility value.The results of this study indicate that testing functionality, reliability and portability get satisfying results, the efficiency aspect still has weaknesses and the usability aspect with quite high results

Modelling the intermixing effects in highly strained asymmetric InGaAs/GaAs quantum well

In this work, we have theoretically investigated the intermixing effect in highly strained In$_{0.3}$Ga$_{0.7}$As/GaAs quantum well (QW) taking into consideration the composition profile change resulting from in-situ indium surface segregation. To study the impact of the segregation effects on the postgrowth intermixing, one dimensional steady state Schrodinger equation and Fick's second law of diffusion have been numerically solved by using the finite difference methods. The impact of the In/Ga interdiffusion on the QW emission energy is considered for different In segregation coefficients. Our results show that the intermixed QW emission energy is strongly dependent on the segregation effects. The interdiffusion enhanced energy shift is found to be considerably reduced for higher segregation coefficients. This work adds a considerable insight into the understanding and modelling of the effects of interdiffusion in semiconductor nanostructures.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

PREFERENSI KONSUMEN TERHADAP KUE KEUKARAH SEBAGAI KUE TRADISIONAL ACEH

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karaktristik konsumen produk kue keukarah, mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi preferensi konsumen dalam membeli serta mengkonsumsi kue keukarah, dan mengidentifikasi mutu produk kue keukarah yang disukai konsumen. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode survei dengan pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara langsung dengan produsen kue keukarah meliputi, proses pembuatan, bahan baku, bentuk usaha dan keuntungan, serta pembagian kuisioner kepada konsumen keukarah meliputi, karakteristik, dan preferensi konsumen. Hasil persentase kuesioner konsumen kue keukarah sebagian besar mengiginkan kualitas mutu keukarah seperti aroma harum, warna kuning keemasan, rasa manis, tekstur renyah, bentuk kue keukarah bulan sabit, perbaikan bentuk kemasan, dan pembuatan label Halal pada kemasan kue keukarah. Hasil penelitian demografi konsumen kue keukarah diperoleh, faktor yang mempengaruhi preferensi konsumen yaitu usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan, jumlah anggota keluarga, dan rata-rata pengeluaran perbulan

You gotta fight for your right(s): street harassment and its relationship to gendered violence, civil society , and gendered negotiations

This Thesis explores particular dimensions of street harassment against women in Cairo, Egypt investigated in three ways: Paying attention to how gender, race and class intersect, I found Egyptian and foreign women utilize various strategies in order to cope with street harassment such as verbal silence, modifications their bodily movements and appropriated styles of dress which in turn strives to maintain a sort of mobile private space that maintains their respectability. However, paying attention to the discontinuities found within normative ideas of gender, I argue that women at times transgress the boundaries of it and fight back to the harassment they unwillingly receive by employing violence and class-motivated forms of protectionism. Secondly, I explored the relationship between street harassment and masculinity. I identify how social constructs of gender in Egyptian society are used to reinforce and at times encourage particular behaviors among men and women. Those notions normalize violent behaviors of men unto women and restate an ideal women\u27s subjectivity to simultaneously remain silent and honorable. Arguably, street harassment against women is a form of violence, which, enacted by men serves to reinforce notions of a hegemonic masculinity. I like others, argue that the preoccupation with women\u27s bodies in and outside of the Middle East, de-limits both their rightful access to public space and to safety. Lastly, I examined civil society\u27s role in particular feminist desires of space. Focusing on an Egyptian NGO, The Egyptian Center for Womenâ s Rights-ECWR, I examined their relationship to the Egyptian state and their role in aligning themselves with particular Western feminist ideals. I grapple with their overarching platform of naming harassment, \u27Sexual Harassment.\u27 I maintain that although they champion women\u27s rights, they must be careful in how they construct particular terminologies. I argue that the problem needs to be understood and tackled in cultural-specific terms designed by Egyptian women themselves. If not done carefully, we fall into the theoretical trap of representational politics of non-Western women and Egyptian society will continue to be split in believing that harassment is a problem worth solvin

PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM PELATIHAN MEDIA DIGITAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI LITERASI DIGITAL (Studi Pada Pelatihan Guru di SMA Negeri 1 Parongpong)

Penelitian ini menjawab permasalahan penelitian yang bertitik tolak dari rumusan masalah umum yaitu bagaimana desain pengembangan kurikulum pelatihan media digital untuk meningkatkan kompetensi literasi digital yang akan dikembangkan di SMA Negeri 1 Parongpong?. Desain pelatihan ini menggunakan Design and Development (D&D) dari Richey dan Klein (2009) melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu: analisis kebutuhan, desain dan pengembangan serta evaluasi. Pengumpulan data yang digunakannya menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif (mixed methods research). Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini secara teknik Purposive sampling yaitu kepada guru di SMAN 1 Parongpong. Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa kompetensi literasi digital guru saat ini masih menjadi pekerjaan rumah yang sangat besar, berdasarkan hasil di bidang pedagogi dan profesional di era digital menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata nasional masih rendah salah satunya adalah literasi dalam era digital, sedangkan berdasarkan hasil persentase guru di lapangan pun perlu adanya peningkatan dalam literasi digital karena berada dalam kategori kurang baik. Pelatihan ini menggunakan strategi In House Training, dengan kegiatan online learning pada pembelajarannya dan terbagi menjadi dua kegiatan, yaitu pembelajaran menggunakan bahan ajar e-modul dan video conference. Pengorganisasian pembelajaran dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan student centered. Desain kurikulum pelatihan dan materi pelatihan diberikan penilaian oleh para ahli berupa expert review dengan hasil layak untuk di uji cobakan. Sedangkan dalam efektivitas pelaksanaan pelatihan dilakukan dengan tes objektif pilihan ganda, dengan perhitungan posttest lebih tinggi dibandingkan pretest, yang mana pelatihan media digital dapat berpengaruh terhadap kompetensi literasi digital dan dinyatakan efektif dalam pelatihan. ABSTRACT Anis Ilahi. Tesis. Development of Digital Media Training Curriculum to Improve Digital Literacy Competency (Study in Teacher Training at SMANegeri 1 Parongpong). This research answered the problem of research that is pointing to the general problem formula which is how to design the development of digital media training curriculum to improve digital literacy competency to be developed in Sma Negeri 1 Parongpong?. The design of this training uses Design and Development (D&D) from Richey and Klein (2009) through three stages, namely: needs analysis, design and development and evaluation. The data collection it uses uses a quantitative and qualitative approach (mixed methods research). Sampling in this study is technically Purposive sampling that is to teachers in SMAN 1 Parongpong. In general, it can be concluded that the competence of digital literacy teachers today is still a very large homework, based on results in the field of pedagogy and professionals in the digital age shows that the national average is still low one of them is literacy in the digital age, whereas based on the results of the percentage of teachers in the field there needs to be an increase in digital literacy because it is in the category of less good. This training uses in house training strategy, with online learning activities in its learning and divided into two activities, namely learning using e-module teaching materials and video conferences. Learning organizing in this study uses a student centered approach. The design of the training curriculum and training materials are assessed by experts in the form of expert reviews with results worthy of trial. While in the effectiveness of training implementation is carried out with multiple choice objective tests, with higher posttest calculations than pretest, which is digital media training can affect digital literacy competencies and be declared effective in training

Metabarcoding identification of botanical origin of bee-collected pollen samples: comparison of ITS2 reference database performance before and after enrichment with sequences of bee plant species

Mestrdo de dupla diplomação com a High Institute of Biotechnology of MonastirSequence analysis of complex DNA samples is an important approach to monitoring species distribution in biodiversity and population studies. Although many traditional methods can be used to identify bee plant resources (e.g., direct observations, microscopy), high-throughput sequencing technologies have transformed our ability to explore more complex plant communities without necessity of experts and in a time cost effective-manner, in comparison with the classical techniques. Recently, metabarcoding, which combines DNA barcoding with high-throughput sequencing, of bee pollen has been used to successfully identify which plants bees are foraging on. This is achieved most commonly by sequencing short, conserved marker genes amplified with universal PCR primers. The ITS region has already been proposed and mainly used as universal barcode marker for plants. ITS sequences are often compared against an annotated reference sequence database to identify the likely taxonomic origin of each sequence with as much specificity as possible. So, accurate and specific taxonomic information is an important step in pollen metabarcoding analysis. The aim of this study was to assess performance of the ITS2 reference database before and after enrichment with sequences of bee plant species collected from across Europe. A total of 100 plant samples were collected in six countries and were identified morphologically at the species level. The DNA of these plant samples was extracted and then Sanger-sequenced for the ITS2 region. The sequences were curated and blasted against ITS2 sequences in GenBank to obtain taxonomic identification and assess similarity with the morphological identification. Next, a reference database of ITS2 sequences was generated using the 100 sequences. The newly-developed sequences were added to a comprehensive ITS2 reference database publicly available and the performance of the two databases (with and without the 100 sequences generated herein) was compared on a set of 108 mixed pollen samples that were identified by metabarcoding and classical palynology. The analyses of the data showed a positive correlation (r>0.7; P<0.05) between the two methods at both family (most countries) and genus levels (one third of countries), even though metabarcoding identified 12 families and 26 genera and palynology 13 families and 22 plant genera. Classification of mixed pollen samples, using the ITS2 database before enrichment with the new sequences developed herein, retrieved (i) 76 and 67 families before and after removing taxa that are not present in Europe, respectively, and (ii) 69 families after enrichment. At the genus level, before database enrichment, there were 230 and 214 genera identified before and after removing taxa that are not present in Europe, respectively, and 216 genera after enrichment. Results showed a positive correlation (r>0.9; P<0.001) between the different databases, but variation in the number of families and genera was noticed, which indicates an increase in the resolution and accuracy of classification. This study thus offers improvements in the ITS2 metabarcoding with more available sequences in the reference dataset providing heightened sensitivity and resolution.A análise de sequências de amostras complexas de DNA é uma abordagem importante na monitorização da distribuição de espécies em estudos populacionais e de biodiversidade. Embora possam ser utilizados métodos tradicionais como meio de identificar plantas melíferas, como por exemplo, observações diretas, microscopia, entre outros, as tecnologias de sequenciação de última geração transformaram a nossa capacidade de explorar floras mais complexas sem que haja a necessidade de recorrer a especialistas, tornando se também numa técnica mais económica, quando comparada às tecnologias clássicas. O metabarcoding, uma técnica que combina DNA barcode com sequenciação de última geração, tem sido usado para a identificação das espécies botânicas mais visitadas pelas abelhas forrageiras através da análise de pólen colhido pelas mesmas. Esta técnica baseia-se na sequenciação de marcadores genéticos de tamanho curto e que se localizem em zonas de DNA conservadas. A amplificação destes fragmentos é feita recorrendo a primers universais, para uma maior abrangência botânica. O ITS, uma região intergénica ribossomal, foi proposta e largamente utilizada, principalmente, como marcador genético universal em plantas. As sequências deste fragmento são, frequentemente, comparadas com uma base de dados de referência para que se estabeleça a identificação mais provável, e com a máxima especificidade possível, da origem taxonómica de cada fragmento sequenciado. Assim, informações taxonómicas precisas e específicas são um passo importante na análise de misturas de pólen colhidas pelas abelhas forrageiras através do metabarcoding. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho da base de dados ITS2 de referência antes e depois do enriquecimento com sequências de espécies de plantas melíferas colhidas pela Europa. Um total de 100 amostras de plantas foram colhidas em seis países e foram identificadas morfologicamente ao nível da espécie. Procedeu-se à extração do DNA e sequenciação pelo método de Sanger da região ITS2. As sequências foram curadas e alinhadas com sequências do GenBank, através de um BLAST, para obter a identificação taxonómica e avaliar a similaridade com a identificação morfológica. Em seguida, uma base de dados ITS2 de referência foi gerada usando as 100 recém-desenvolvidas sequências. Estas foram adicionadas a uma vasta base de dados da região ribossomal, que está publicamente disponível, e o desempenho das duas (com e sem as 100 sequências geradas aqui) foi comparado num conjunto de 108 amostras de pólen colhido por abelhas, e previamente identificadas por metabarcoding e palinologia clássica. As análises mostraram uma correlação positiva (r> 0,7; P <0,05) entre os dois métodos para dois níveis taxonómicos, família (maioria dos países) e género (um terço dos países), embora o metabarcoding tenha identificado 12 famílias e 26 géneros e a palinologia 13 famílias e 22 géneros de plantas. A classificação das amostras de pólen, usando a base de dados ITS2 antes do enriquecimento com as novas sequências aqui desenvolvidas, recuperou (i) 76 e 67 famílias antes e depois da remoção dos táxons que não estão presentes na Europa, respetivamente, e (ii) 69 famílias após o enriquecimento. Ao nível do género, antes do enriquecimento da base de dados, havia 230 e 214 géneros identificados antes e depois da remoção dos táxons que não estão presentes na Europa, respetivamente, e 216 géneros após o enriquecimento. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva (r> 0,9; P <0,001) entre as diferentes bases de dados, mas foi observada uma variação no número de famílias e géneros, o que indica um aumento na resolução e precisão da classificação. Este estudo oferece, assim, melhorias no metabarcoding da região ITS2 com mais sequências disponíveis no conjunto de dados de referência, proporcionando uma maior sensibilidade e resolução.This study was developed in the framework of the international project “INSIGINA: Pilot study on environmental monitoring of pesticide use through honey bees”, SANTE/E4/SI2.788418-SI2.788452-INSIGINIA-PP-1-1-2018, financed by the Health and Food Safety Directorate General, European Commission

How does working as a child affect wage, income, and poverty asan adult?

The authors use a unique data set on adult earnings in Brazil to study how child labor affects adult earnings through its impacts on work experience, years of schooling, and human capital attained per year of schooling. Adding up these positive and negative effects, their empirical findings suggest that adults who entered the labor market before age 13 earn 20 percent less per hour, have 26 percent lower incomes, and are 14 percent more likely to be in the lowest two income quintiles. Overall, child labor raises the probability of being poor later in life by 13 percent to 31percent. These magnitudes are large. On the other hand, while child labor reduces the productivity of schooling, the net effect of an additional year of schooling on adult wages is still positive, even if the child works while in school. Consequently, policies which delay dropping out of school, even as the child works, appear to be effective at mitigating adult poverty. This report is a promising first step toward a better understanding of the theoretically ambiguous impact of early labor market entry on lifetime labor market outcomes and the dynastic poverty traps discussed below.

Interaksi Jamur Parasit dengan Tumbuhan Perennial : Model Matematika dan Simulasi

Tumbuhan perennial adalah jenis tumbuhan yang hidup lebih dari dua tahun, biasanya berbunga pada saat musim semi dan musim panas. Tumbuhan ini dikenal juga sebagai super ras karena masa hidupnya yang panjang dan bersifat dominasi. Namun hal tersebut tidak terlepas dari serangan jamur parasit yang dapat menginfeksi bagian-bagian dari tumbuhan tersebut. Pada artikel ini, penulis mencoba merepresentasikan interaksi host-pathogen pada tumbuhan perennial. Carrying capacity jamur parasit proporsional terhadap carrying capacity tumbuhan perennial. Koeksistensi dan kestabilan dari kedua spesies di analisis menggunakan model persamaan diferensial biasa. Simulasi numerik ditampilkan untuk memberikan gambaran secara umum mengenai interaksi yang terjadi antara dua spesies tersebut. Hasil yang diperoleh menyimpulkan bahwa jamur parasit akan memperlambat laju pertumbuhan bahkan menyebabkan kematian pada tumbuhan perennial.

Pengaruh kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan dan loyalitas mahasiswa universitas kutai kartanegara (studi pada mahasiswa fakultas ekonomi dan bisnis)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variabel kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan mahasiswa dan loyalitas mahasiswa Universitas Kutai Kartanegara. penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode survei, data diperoleh dengan penyebaran kuisioner kepada 276 responden. Yang menjadi populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis mulai tahun akademik 2010/2011 sampa dengan tahun akademik 2016/2017, yaitu sebanyak 882 mahasiswa. sampel yang diambil ditetapkan sejumlah 276 mahasiswa. metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah proportional sampling dan convenience sampling yaitu pemilihan anggota populasi yang mudah ditemui dan dimintai informasi. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan program SmartPLS 3.0. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepuasan mahasiswa dapat dibangun dari variabel kualitas pelayanan Dosen dan kualitas pelayanan karyawan. Dan Loyalitas mahasiswa dapat dibangun dari variabel kepuasan mahasiswa secara langsung. Sedangkan variabel kualitas pelayanan dosen dan kualitas pelayanan karyawan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap loyalitas mahasiswa secara langsung, ini dibuktikan dengan nilai t-statistic t-tabel (1,96)