Impact of construction waste minimization at construction site: case study

Waste reduction in the construction sector is essential not just from the position of overall performance, but also interests escalated recently about the detrimental impact of the waste of construction materials on the natural surroundings. The reuse and recycling of construction elements used to be substantial due to material scarcity during the war and post-war era, specifically when the price of virgin materials keep inflating. Nevertheless, the motivation to reuse and recycle construction materials has fallen ever since the flow of raw materials has grown more consistent and satisfactorily. This paper involves an ongoing sequence of waste audits at Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) R&D construction sites. The methodology consists of discussion, observation and quantitative evaluations of the kinds and distribution of wastes. The finding of this study demonstrates that the project aimed at both minimizing the volume of waste generated and diverting as much waste as possible from landfill that contribute to the recycle with over 1200 tonnes of material which constitute about 73% of recycle and reused rate mainly from timber and metal

Prediction of Linear Viscoelastic Rheological Properties for Composite Nanosilica/Polyethylene Modified Bitumen Using Response Surface Methodology

This study evaluates the suitability of response surface methodology (RSM) to describe the linear viscoelastic (LVE) rheological properties of composite nanosilica/polyethylene modified binder. Two independent and three response variables were investigated, the independent variables were temperature and nanosilica content whilethe response variables are phase angle and complex modulus. Each of the independent variables was varied over three levels. The temperature was varied in the range of 35 to 55 OC and nanosilica was varied from 2 to 6%. RSM was used for the evaluation based on Central Composite Design (CCD) design. From the results, a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999 and 0.9953 were obtained for complex modulus and phase angle. This confirms that the experimental values obtained are in real agreement with the developed quadratic models. Analysis of the individual effects of temperature and nanosilica content reveals that all the responses are influenced by the interaction of both the two independent variables but highly influenced by temperature than nanosilica content

Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. Dr Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management of Kuwait University and the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Dr Bhaskar acknowledges institutional support from the NSW Ministry of Health and NSW Health Pathology. Dr Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Dr Braithwaite acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health/ National Cancer Institute. Dr Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council ERC Starting Grant agreement No 848325. Dr Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP under the Norma Transitória grant DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Dr Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). Dr Glasbey is supported by a National Institute of Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship. Dr Vivek Kumar Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council Australia. Dr Haque thanks Jazan University, Saudi Arabia for providing access to the Saudi Digital Library for this research study. Drs Herteliu, Pana, and Ausloos are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Dr Hugo received support from the Higher Education Improvement Coordination of the Brazilian Ministry of Education for a sabbatical period at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, between September 2019 and August 2020. Dr Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges funding by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Fellowship and National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship. Dr Jakovljevic acknowledges support through grant OI 175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). Dr Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh. Dr Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Dr Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación, which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Dr Loureiro was supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under the Scientific Employment Stimulus–Institutional Call (CEECINST/00049/2018). Dr Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Dr Moosavi appreciates NIGEB's support. Dr Pati acknowledges support from the SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research. Dr Rakovac acknowledges a grant from the government of the Russian Federation in the context of World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases Office. Dr Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Dr Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Drs Adithi Shetty and Unnikrishnan acknowledge support given by Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Pavanchand H. Shetty acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education for their research support. Dr Diego Augusto Santos Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq (302028/2018-8). Dr Zhu acknowledges the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas grant RP210042

HEAVY METALS REMOVAL USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE DERIVED ACTIVATED CARBON IN PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS.

Wastewater is essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications that contains constituents which render it unsuitable for most use without treatment. Domestic effluents are one of the main sources of wastewater that contained contaminants which can be harmful to human, plants and animals. The major contaminants of concern are the heavy metals. Heavy metals contamination has been an issue to the environment and human health. The persisting contamination level has been observed and concerned by the public due to continuous deterioration. Biological wastewater treatment is the main techniques used for the treatment domestic wastewater. Batch adsorption technique is normally employed to treat wastewater containing heavy metal using activated carbon. This study focused on the development of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse to reduce toxic effect of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, on activated sludge microorganisms treating domestic wastewater. The selected metals are mainly present in domestic sewage nowadays. The study consisted of three phases; (1) adsorbent preparation in its optimum conditions using response surface method; (2) batch adsorption study in order to investigate the adsorption capacities of the produced adsorbent as well as the raw sugarcane bagasse for the removal of heavy metals; and (3) continuous flow treatability study of domestic wastewater impacted with heavy metals using the produced adsorbent under different heavy metals. The produced adsorbent have high surface area of 599 m2/g, under heating rate of 10 °C/min, residence time of 3 hours and temperature of 900 °C, respectively. The produced adsorbent have higher adsorption capacities of 38.4 mg/g, 21.05 mg/g, 19.37 mg/g and 23.4 mg/g compared to the raw sugarcane bagasse having adsorption capacities of 9.37 mg/g, 13.4 mg/g, 10.51 mg/g and 3.93mg/g, for heavy metals of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. The produced adsorbent was able to delay the toxic effect of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the activated sludge microorganisms treating domestic wastewater provided that their toxicity does not exceed 4.10 mg/L, 3.12 mg/L, 6.20 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L for Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively

Copper Metal Removal using Sludge Activated Carbon Derived from Wastewater Treatment Sludge

In Malaysia, according to perspective sludge production factor (SPF), wastewater treatment plants produces about 5.3 million m3 of sewage sludge annually, most of this sludge are being wasted (unused) in the landfills. This study employed the use of dry activated sludge as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of copper Cu (II) from wastewater. Adsorption of Cu (II) by sludge activated carbon (SAC) was conducted using batch tests. The effect of contact time and adsorbent dosage on the removal of Cu (II)) from wastewater were investigated. Initial metal concentration was maintained at 100 mg/L. The removal efficiency was found to have relations with the initial Cu (II) concentration, contact time as well as the SAC dosage. The adsorption kinetics of the Cu (II) by SAC was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating chemisorption process. The adsorption isotherms studies indicated that the adsorption of Cu (II) by SAC adsorbent was well described by Langmuir isotherm model having correlation of determination (R2) value of 0.9985 at 12hrs equilibrium period. Optimum conditions for Cu (II) removal was achieved at SAC dosages of 10 g/L, contact time 12 hours and at initial Cu (II) concentration of 100 mg/L, respectively. The study indicated that sludge activated carbon can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution

Copper Metal Removal using Sludge Activated Carbon Derived from Wastewater Treatment Sludge

In Malaysia, according to perspective sludge production factor (SPF), wastewater treatment plants produces about 5.3 million m3 of sewage sludge annually, most of this sludge are being wasted (unused) in the landfills. This study employed the use of dry activated sludge as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of copper Cu (II) from wastewater. Adsorption of Cu (II) by sludge activated carbon (SAC) was conducted using batch tests. The effect of contact time and adsorbent dosage on the removal of Cu (II)) from wastewater were investigated. Initial metal concentration was maintained at 100 mg/L. The removal efficiency was found to have relations with the initial Cu (II) concentration, contact time as well as the SAC dosage. The adsorption kinetics of the Cu (II) by SAC was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating chemisorption process. The adsorption isotherms studies indicated that the adsorption of Cu (II) by SAC adsorbent was well described by Langmuir isotherm model having correlation of determination (R2) value of 0.9985 at 12hrs equilibrium period. Optimum conditions for Cu (II) removal was achieved at SAC dosages of 10 g/L, contact time 12 hours and at initial Cu (II) concentration of 100 mg/L, respectively. The study indicated that sludge activated carbon can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution

The Role of Zeolite (Microporous Crystalline Aluminosilicates) In Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste High- and Low-Density Polyethylene Bags for Production of Fuel and Chemicals: A Review

This review provides a state-of-the-art summary of the role which zeolite  plays as a catalyst via pyrolysis as a way of recovering fuels and chemicals from waste high and or low density polyethylene bags. It also highlighted the two types of zeolite (natural or synthetic) which are used as a two-stage pyrolysis−catalysis in giving a free waxing product to pure fuel and chemicals which can be subjected to further analyzing and or upgrading. As yield of oil/wax decreased with the addition of a zeolite as catalyst from 44 and 51 wt.%, (depending on the waste  high density polyethylene “HDPE” or low density polyethylene bags “LDPE” and other factors). However, the composition of the pyrolysis−catalysis oils significantly increased in aromatic hydrocarbon content accordingly. In addition, the composition of the oils shifted from high molecular weight hydrocarbons (C16+) to fuel range hydrocarbons (C5−C15), with a high content of single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and styrene. This process shows great potential for production of fuels or chemicals, and also addresses the urgent issue of waste HDPE and or LDPE disposal

Performance of Fly Ash-Based Inorganic Polymer Mortar with Petroleum Sludge Ash

Petroleum sludge is a waste product resulting from petroleum industries and it is a major source of environmental pollution. Therefore, developing strategies aimed at reducing its environmental impact and enhance cleaner production are crucial for environmental mortar. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in designing the experimental work. The variables considered were the amount of petroleum sludge ash (PSA) in weight percent and the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, while the concentration of sodium hydroxide was kept constant in the production of geopolymer mortar cured at a temperature of 60 °C for 20 h. The effects of PSA on density, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, drying shrinkage, morphology, and pore size distribution were investigated. The addition of PSA in the mortar enhanced the mechanical properties significantly at an early age and 28 days of curing. Thus, PSA could be used as a precursor material in the production of geopolymer mortar for green construction sustainability. This study aimed to investigate the influence of PSA in geopolymer mortar

Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world