H2O self-broadening coefficients of rotation-vibration lines in the 15 500-16 000 cm-1 region

Line broadening coefficients of the Н2О-Н2О system were investigated in the region 15500 – 16000 cm-1 using a high resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer IFS-125M. The White type multipass absorption cell with a basic length of 60 cm was used. Least-square-fitting algorithm WXSPE was used to retrieve of the spectroscopic parameters from measured spectral data set. Calculations of self-broadening are performed using a semi-empirical approach. This method is further developed by using anharmonic wavefunctions in the estimates of line profiles. This approach explicitly takes into account all scattering channels induced by collisions. Calculated data are in a good agreement with the measured ones. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

Verification of H2O lines from the HITRAN database for remote sensing of the water vapour isotopic composition

The quality of the spectroscopic line parameters from the HITRAN Database for remote sensing of the water vapour isotopic composition of the atmosphere is widely discussed. In this research we show that the HITRAN-2008 data for H2O isotopologues in the near infrared spectral range (4000-6400 cm-1) is reasonably good. The HITRAN data was tested with independent calculation (ab initio et al.). For the evaluation we've used two following criteria: a quality of the fitting of atmospheric spectra measured at the Ural Atmospheric Station (UAS, Kourovka) with the high-resolution Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and an agreement between the retrieved HDO/H2O relative concentration ratios in the atmospheric column and the results of the simulation of the isotopic general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso (validated for Kourovka region). © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

Implementation of the program of measles elimination in the WHO African region

The review is devoted to the analysis of the available literature on the elimination of measles. The review focuses on the current measles epidemic situation in the African Region (AFR) and the implementation of the WHO strategic plan for the elimination of measles in AFR by 2020. Measles in the AFR is characterized by a severe course with a high risk of death due to malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, concomitant bacterial and viral infections, and malaria. In 2015, 105,256 cases of measles were reported in the WHO African Region, most of them among children under 5 years old, 79% of whom were not vaccinated or had unknown vaccine status. Initially, the strategy for implementing the measles elimination program in AFRs was based on a combination of immunization campaigns for children under 14 years of age (coverage of more than 90%) and routine vaccination of at least 90% of children aged 9–15 months. It was recommended to repeat the campaign of mass immunization of children aged 9 months up to 4 years every 3–5 years. The use of this strategy has reduced the number of measles cases by 83–97% during the first year of additional immunization programs. The recommended age of routine measles vaccination in AFRs is 9 months — a strategy to reduce infant mortality, including that due to complications of measles. In 2016, measles vaccination was introduced into the national immunization schedule in all AFR countries, and 24 countries introduced revaccination. Currently, the measles elimination program in a number of AFR countries is based on two-dose immunization (MCV1 and MCV2). The measles prevention program in a number of AFR countries was disrupted due to the Ebola epidemic. There are some common problems in the realization of the program in AFR countries. All AFR countries are committed to the measles elimination program. The review provides information on strategies and successes in overcoming challenges to achieve the goals set for the WHO African Region in the implementation of the programme of measles elimination

A herd immunity to measles and rubella viruses in the population of the Republic of Serbia

According to the WHO Strategic Plan, measles should be eradicated in 2020 in the five WHO Regions including European Region. However, large measles outbreaks are being periodically registered in diverse European countries. In the Republic of Serbia (SRB), 5,076 measles cases were detected in 2018, among which 15 cases were fatal.Aim of the study was to examine herd immunity to measles and rubella viruses in the population of the Republic of Serbia.Materials and methods. Blood serum samples obtained in 2018 and 2019 from conditionally healthy residents of the Republic of Serbia were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses in five age groups: I — children from 2 to 6 years old, II — children from 8 to 14 years old, III — 15 to 24 years old, IV — 25 to 49 years old and V — over 50 years old. A total of 1000 samples were obtained, 200 sera in each group. Enzygnost® Anti-Measles virus/IgG and Enzygnost® Anti-Rubella virus/IgG ELISA test systems (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Germany) were used according to the manufacturer's instructions.Results. Overall, around 23.0% and 33.7% of the surveyed persons had no or low level of anti-measles IgG antibody (≥ 275.0 — ≤ 1000.0 IU/1). In age group I, 60% children contained no or “low” anti-measles antibodies titer (29.5% and 30.5%, respectively). In addition, low antibody titer level was mainly detected in individuals from age group II and III (p < 0.05). A third of children under 8—14 contained high IgG-antibodies titer against measles (> 3000.0 IU/l) that might serve as an evidence that such subjects recently recovered after measles. Similar results were obtained for IgG antibodies to rubella in the same age groups.Discussion. The study results evidence about altered routine immunization against measles and rubella in children aged 12—15 months (first vaccination) and those at age of 6—7 years (revaccination) with MMR vaccine. The data obtained correlate with official data on coverage with measles and rubella vaccines in the Republic of Serbia

A herd immunity to rubella virus in selected geographical regions

Since 2017, the incidence rate of rubella in the Russian Federation has been below 1 case per million total population. In addition, no circulation of endemic strains of the rubella virus is recorded evidencing about achieving infection elimination phase. In modern conditions, it is important to constantly monitor the level of herd immunity to the rubella virus to identify epidemically significant population groups, especially in countries lacking rubella vaccination or featured with insufficient disease control. Purpose: to study herd immunity to the rubella virus in selected countries in Eurasia and Africa. Materials and methods. Between 2018 and 2021, 15,594 samples of blood sera were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies to the rubella virus from subjects of different ages obtained from regional measles and rubella surveillance centers in the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Serbia, South Vietnam, and the Republic of Guinea. The “Anti-Rubella Virus ELISA (IgМ)” and “Anti-Rubella Virus ELISA (IgG)” (Euroimmun, Germany) test kits were used. Statistical data processing was carried out using the MS Excel, Prizm 5.0 (GraphPad Software Inc.), and Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc.) software package. Results. During the observation period (2018–2020) the population seroprevalence of the to the rubella virus in the NWFD of the Russian Federation was 96.6–97.7% and fluctuated slightly both in separate years and among individual age groups evidencing about high coverage of rubella vaccination. In the Republic of Serbia conducting two-fold immunization against rubella the overall seroprevalence rate was lower than in the Russian Federation and comprising 86.8%. The minimum number of IgGpositive sera was recorded in the 2–4-year-old age group pointing to the shortcomings of routine vaccination. In South Vietnam, children aged 1–3 years (41.9%) predominated among those recovering from rubella, i.e. the age cohort that should be protected by vaccination at the age of 18 months. No rubella vaccination is carried out in Guinea. The total proportion of seropositive individuals was 75%; herd immunity to the rubella virus was established mainly among children and adolescents, reaching 90% only in the older age group. 30% of unprotected subjects of the most active reproductive age were identified among the females surveyed in Guinea. Conclusion. Insufficient herd immunity to the rubella virus, identified in a number of countries, may contribute to the maintenance of the infectious process and the spread of infection. Globalization contributes to the virus importation into regions being at the stage of measles and rubella elimination. The results obtained suggest about a need to continue efforts aimed at maintaining epidemiological wellbeing regarding rubella in diverse countries of the world.Начиная с 2017 г. в Российской Федерации показатель заболеваемости краснухой находится на уровне ниже 1 случая на 1 млн населения. Также отсутствует циркуляция эндемичных штаммов вируса краснухи. Это свидетельствует о достижении фазы элиминации инфекции. В современных условиях важным является постоянный мониторинг уровня коллективного иммунитета к вирусу краснухи для выявления эпидемически значимых групп населения, особенно в странах, где вакцинация против краснухи не проводится или контроль недостаточен. Цель исследования: изучение коллективного иммунитета к вирусу краснухи в ряде стран Евразии и Африки. Материалы и методы. В период с 2017 по 2021 г. на IgG- и IgM-антитела к вирусу краснухи исследовано 15 594 образца сывороток крови лиц разного возраста, полученные из региональных центров по надзору за корью и краснухой в СЗФО РФ, Республике Сербия, в Южном Вьетнаме, в Гвинейской Республике. Использовали ИФА тест-наборы «Anti-Rubella Virus ELISA IgМ» и «Anti-Rubella Virus ELISA (IgG)» (Euroimmun, Германия). Статистическая обработка результатов проводилась с помощью пакета программ MS Excel, Prizm 5.0 (GraphPadSoftware Inc.), Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc.). Результаты. В СЗФО РФ за период наблюдения серопревалентность населения к вирусу краснухи составляла 96,6–97,7% и колебалась незначительно как по отельным годам, так и среди отдельных возрастных групп, что свидетельствуют о высоком охвате вакцинацией против краснухи. В Республике Сербия общий показатель серопревалентности оказался ниже, чем в РФ, и составил 86,8%. Наименьшее количество IgG-положительных сывороток регистрировали в возрастной группе 2–4 года, что говорит о недостатках плановой вакцинации. В Южном Вьетнаме среди переболевших краснухой преобладали дети в возрасте 1–3 года (41,9%), то есть та группа, которая должна быть максимально защищена плановой прививкой против краснухи в 18 месяцев. В Гвинее специфическая профилактика краснухи не проводится. Общая доля серопозитивных лиц составила 75%, коллективный иммунитет к вирусу краснухи формировался, в основном, среди детей и подростков, достигая 90% лишь в старшей возрастной группе. Среди обследованных женщин Гвинеи выявлено 30% незащищенных лиц наиболее активного репродуктивного возраста. Заключение. Недостаточный уровень коллективного иммунитета к вирусу краснухи, выявленный в ряде стран, может способствовать распространению инфекции, а условия глобализации — импортированию вируса в регионы, находящиеся на этапе элиминации кори и краснухи. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о необходимости продолжения усилий, направленных на поддержание эпидемиологического благополучия в отношении краснухи в разных странах мира

Features of the structure of the cervix pathology in pregnant women

The aim of study was to determine the frequency and structure of cervical pathology and its relationship with the vaginal microbiota in 113 pregnant women in period from 22 to 36 weeks. Microscopy of vaginal smears, cytological examination of the cervical epithelium, determination of the microbial mass of vaginal secretion using test system ‘Femoflor-1 T and detection of human papillomavirus DNA (HPV) in real time was conducted. Statistical processing was performed with calculation of median, mean, standard deviation, confidence interval and Pearson correlation. HPV type 16 was found in 23.8%+4.2% (95% Cl:16.8-30.8%), other high-oncogenic types of HPV in 39.8%+5% (95% CI:30.8-48.8%) of patients, while HPV type 18 was absent in all examined women. In 48 (55%) women the titer of microbial flora exceeded 104. Atopobium vaginae was detected in 43.7%+3.2% (95% CI:39.7-47.7%) of pregnant women. According to the results of cytology, the inflammatory was found 27: 56,2%%+2,3% (95% Dl: 51.9-60.4%) of pregnant women. Conclusion cytological smears type ASCUS was in 11:9,7%+2,9% (95% Cl: 4.7-14.7%) of women, which correlated with the detection of a combination of anaerobic and aerobic flora (r=0.76).Цель исследования было определение частоты и структуры патологии шейки матки и ее связь с вагинальным микробным пейзажем у 113 беременных женщин в сроке 22-36 недель. Проводили микроскопия и цитологическое исследование влагалищных мазков, тест ДНК вируса папилломы человека (ВПЧ) в реальном времени, определение микробной массы влагалищного секрета и цитологическое исследование эпителия шейки матки. Статистическая обработка с подсчетом медианы, среднего, стандартного отклонения, доверительного интервала и корреляции Пирсона. Инфицирование ВПЧ 16 типа составило 23,8%+4,2% (95% ДИ:16,8-30,8%), а другими высокоонкогенными типами ВПЧ в 39,8%+5% (95% ДИ:30,8-48,8%), при этом, ВПЧ 18 типа отсутствовал у всех обследуемых женщин. У 48 (55%) женщин титр микробной флоры превысил 104. Atopobium vaginae встречалась чаще всего 43,7%+3,2% (95% ДИ:39,7-47,7%) и в монокультуре. По результатам цитологии воспалительный процесс был выявлен у 27:56,2%%+2,3% (95% ДИ:51,9-60,4%) женщин. Цитограмма типа ASCUS была у 11:9,7%+2,9% (95% ДИ:4,7-14,7%), что коррелировало и выявлением сочетания анаэробной и аэробной флоры (г=0,76)

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm−1. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described

МАРКЕРЫ ПАРВОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ У ЛИЦ С ЭКЗАНТЕМНЫМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ И В ГРУППАХ РИСКА

Background. In the Russian Federation the number of a parvovirus В19 infection cases has increased significantly with the introduction of rubella into the measles elimination program and laboratory examination of patients with maculopapular rash and fever. The aim of study was the examination of the distribution of the parvovirus В19 infection in the North-Western Federal District. Materials and methods. In 2014–2017, 1044 blood sera of patients with exanthema diseases from different territories of the North-Western Federal District have been investigated with «Anti-Parvovirus B19 ELISA IgM» kit (EUROIMMUN, Germany) to detect IgM antibody, and 733 blood sera of clinically healthy men and women 18 to 60 years old have been tested for IgG antibodies using the «Anti-Parvovirus B19 ELISA IgG» kit (EUROIMMUN, Germany). Results. Parvovirus В19 infection is contentiously detected in 10 of the 11 territories of the district. Typical is the winterspring seasonality; in terms of the age structure – prevalence of children 3–6 (25,3% of cases) and 7–14 (33,3% of cases) years old was detected. A high proportion of seropositivity was established among the examined donors from the higher educational institutions of Saint Petersburg (75,4–88,9%%). Low rate of seropositivity (56,7%) was detected among pregnant women. A high proportion of false negative results in the primary diagnosis of parvovirus infection has been revealed. Conclusion. Parvovirus В19 infection is widespread in the territories of the North-Western of the Russia, mainly among children. The results indicate the feasibility of conducting a laboratory examination of pregnant women who are contact for exanthemous diseases, for markers of parvovirus infection; on the importance of screening donor blood for PV B19 DNA with “culling” pools characterized by high viral load; on the need for differential laboratory diagnosis between rubella and parvovirus infection.Введение. Выявление случаев парвовирусной инфекции в России существенно возросло при интеграции краснухи в программу элиминации кори и лабораторном обследовании больных с пятнисто-папулёзной сыпью и лихорадкой. Цель: выявление маркеров парвовирусной инфекции на территориях Северо-Западного федерального округа России, в том числе в группах риска, для оценки распространения инфекции. Материалы и методы. В 2014–2017 гг. исследованы 1044 сыворотки крови больных с экзантемными заболеваниями, проживающих на разных территориях Северо-Запада. IgМ-антитела выявляли в ИФА с тестсистемой «Anti-Parvovirus B19 ELISA IgМ» (EUROIMMUN, Германия). На IgG-антитела были исследованы 733 сыворотки крови клинически здоровых мужчин и женщин 18–60 лет в ИФА с тест-системой «Anti-Parvovirus B19 ELISA IgG» (EUROIMMUN, Германия). Результаты. Парвовирусная инфекция выявлена на 10 из 11 территорий округа. Характерно преобладание в возрастной структуре заболевших детей 3–6 (25,3% случаев) и 7–14 лет (33,3% случаев). Установлена высокая доля серопозитивных лиц среди обследованных доноров г. Санкт-Петербурга (85,2%). Выявлена низкая доля серопозитивных (56,7%) среди обследованных беременных женщин. Показана высокая доля ошибок первичной диагностики. Заключение. Парвовирусная инфекция широко распространена на Северо-Западе России. Полученные результаты указывают на целесообразность проведения лабораторного обследования беременных женщин, контактных по экзантемным заболеваниям, на маркеры парвовирусной инфекции; на важность скринингового исследования донорской крови на ДНК PV B19 с «выбраковкой» пулов, характеризующихся высокой вирусной нагрузкой; на необходимость проведения дифференциальной лабораторной диагностики между краснухой и парвовирусной инфекцией

РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ ПАРВОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ В СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОМ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОМ ОКРУГЕ РОССИИ

The aim of this study is to estimate parvovirus B19 (PV B19) infection (infectious erythema) prevalence in North-West Russia. In 2009-2011 anti-IgM antibodies against PV B19 among 12,5% of patients with exanthematous disease was detected in 9 (from 11) administrative territories of N-W region. Prevalence of anti-IgG antibodies in pregnant females (risk group) vary from 37,5 to 83,3%% in various age groups. Sufficient that most reproductively active females age group (18–35 yo) belongs to the group of risk: 49,2% (in St-Petersburg) and 40,5% (in Vologda) were anti-IgG PV B19 negative. Rational clinical laboratory diagnostics and modern surveilliance of PV B19 and other exanthematous diseases were discussed.В статье представлены результаты изучения распространения парвовирусной инфекции (инфекционной эритемы) на территории Северо-Западного федерального округа. Показано, что в 2009–2011 гг. антитела класса IgM к парвовирусу В 19 (PV B19) определялись в сыворотках крови больных экзантемными заболеваниями в среднем в 12,5% случаев на 9 из 11 территорий округа. Распространение инфекционной эритемы изучали также в группе риска – среди беременных женщин Санкт-Петербурга и Вологды по наличию в сыворотках крови IgG-антител. Установлено, что в каждой возрастной группе имеются лица, перенесшие ранее парвовирусную инфекцию. Их удельный вес колеблется от 37,5% до 83,3%. Вместе с тем установлено, что существенная доля женщин наиболее активного репродуктивного возраста (18–35 лет) не защищена против парвовирусной инфекции: 49,2% и 40,5% в г. Санкт-Петербурге и г. Вологде, соответственно. Обсуждается вероятность ошибок клинической диагностики парвовирусной инфекции; подчеркивается важность вирусологического надзора за экзантемными вирусными инфекциями на современном этапе

The 2015 edition of the GEISA spectroscopic database

The GEISA database (Gestion et Etude des Informations Spectroscopiques Atmosphériques: Management and Study of Atmospheric Spectroscopic Information) has been developed and maintained by the ARA/ABC(t) group at LMD since 1974. GEISA is constantly evolving, taking into account the best available spectroscopic data. This paper presents the 2015 release of GEISA (GEISA-2015), which updates the last edition of 2011 and celebrates the 40th anniversary of the database. Significant updates and additions have been implemented in the three following independent databases of GEISA. The “line parameters database” contains 52 molecular species (118 isotopologues) and transitions in the spectral range from 10−6 to 35,877.031 cm−1, representing 5,067,351 entries, against 3,794,297 in GEISA-2011. Among the previously existing molecules, 20 molecular species have been updated. A new molecule (SO3) has been added. HDO, isotopologue of H2O, is now identified as an independent molecular species. Seven new isotopologues have been added to the GEISA-2015 database. The “cross section sub-database” has been enriched by the addition of 43 new molecular species in its infrared part, 4 molecules (ethane, propane, acetone, acetonitrile) are also updated; they represent 3% of the update. A new section is added, in the near-infrared spectral region, involving 7 molecular species: CH3CN, CH3I, CH3O2, H2CO, HO2, HONO, NH3. The “microphysical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosols sub-database” has been updated for the first time since 2003. It contains more than 40 species originating from NCAR and 20 from the ARIA archive of Oxford University. As for the previous versions, this new release of GEISA and associated management software facilities are implemented and freely accessible on the AERIS/ESPRI atmospheric chemistry data center website