3,590 research outputs found
Multifuncionalidad y Sistemas Agroalimentarios locales: prioridades de investigación e innovación en medio ambiente, territorio y desarrollo rural en el sector español del aceite de oliva
Los sistemas agroalimentarios locales (SIAL) de aceite de oliva en España son un buen ejemplo del comportamiento multifuncional y de su contribución potencial a la gobernanza territorial. Se detectan cambios significativos en la geografÃa del olivar español, derivados, por una parte, de la expansión de nuevas superficies de olivar en regadÃo de cultivo intensivo y superintensivo y, por otra, de la creciente marginalización a la que se ve abocado el olivar español de media y alta pendiente. Por otra parte, el olivar español produce un fuerte grado de externalidades ambientales negativas, como la erosión o la contaminación difusa de suelos y acuÃferos. El principal objetivo del trabajo es detectar las relaciones que se establecen entre la definición de los principales problemas que atañen a los SIAL de aceite de oliva en España y las prioridades de investigación e innovación en materia de territorio y medio ambiente, desde una óptica multidisciplinar que integre enfoques procedentes de las Ciencias Sociales y de las Ciencias Agronómicas y Ambientales. El marco teórico procede de las teorÃas sobre la multifuncionalidad de los espacios rurales y sobre los SIAL. La metodologÃa utiliza información cualitativa y cuantitativa procedente de dos fuentes primarias: i) un grupo de discusión integrado en un panel presencial de expertos sobre innovación en olivicultura, sostenibilidad y aprovechamiento de residuos; ii) un análisis Delphi dirigido a un conjunto amplio de expertos sobre medio ambiente, territorio y desarrollo rural sostenible en el sector oleÃcola. En cuanto al análisis de resultados, el grupo de discusión ha tenido como misión categorizar las grandes tipologÃas de olivicultura en España y sintetizar sus respectivos problemas ambientales y territoriales. Estos resultados sirven como marco de referencia del análisis Delphi, que tiene un doble objetivo: por una parte, el análisis de los principales problemas ambientales y territoriales de los SIAL oleÃcolas en España; por otra, el estudio de las prioridades en materia de programas y de grupos de lÃneas de investigación sobre la materia, asà como las relaciones entre dichas lÃneas de investigación y los problemas a los que se enfrentan los SIAL oleÃcolas.prioridades de investigación e innovación, medio ambiente y territorio, análisis Delphi., Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Labor and Human Capital,
Growth and texture of Spark Plasma Sintered Al2O3 ceramics: a combined analysis of X-rays and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction
Textured alumina ceramics were obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of
undoped commercial a-Al2O3 powders. Various parameters (density, grain growth,
grain size distribution) of the alumina ceramics, sintered at two typical
temperatures 1400{\deg}C and 1700{\deg}C, are investigated. Quantitative
textural and structural analysis, carried out using a combination of Electron
Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), are represented
in the form of mapping, and pole figures. The mechanical properties of these
textured alumina ceramics include high elastic modulus and hardness value with
high anisotropic nature, opening the door for a large range of applicationsComment: 16 pages, 6 figures, submitted to J. Appl. Phy
La universidad española como plataforma de emprendimiento: hacia la universidad emprendedora del futuro
Ha existido una evolución desde la tercera misión de la universidad preconizada por la Triple Hélice (ver trabajos de (Henry Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000), como elemento de transferencia de tecnologÃa a la sociedad, en forma de convenios y contratos (ejemplo, Shane, 2002), licencias de patentes (ejemplo, Agrawal & Henderson, 2002) o incluso relaciones informales entre la industria y la empresa (David B Audretsch & Feldman, 1996), si bien tal y como resaltan D'Este & Patel (2007), la parte del emprendimiento es, precisamente, la menos utilizada por los académicos y la que forma parte principal del actual modelo dentro de la universidad emprendedora. AsÃ, en su artÃculo sobre la evolución del papel de la universidad, Audretsch (2014) postula que el objetivo de la «universidad emprendedora» corresponde a una universidad concebida para la sociedad del emprendimiento, yendo más allá de la simple transferencia de tecnologÃa y de la tercera misión. Dicho salto cualitativo entiende que la universidad debe contribuir a resolver problemas sociales, crear pensamiento emprendedor, acciones e iniciativas concretas, fomentar nuevas instituciones para canalizar dicha transferencia y formar lo que Audretsch, Keilbach, & Lehmann (2006), llaman «capital emprendedor», enfocado sobre todo al cambio desde una economÃa intensiva en industria hacia una economÃa intensiva en conocimiento. De manera similar, dicho constructo enlaza con Guerrero, Urbano, Cunningham, & Organ (2014), que definen la universidad emprendedora como una incubadora que provee soporte para que la comunidad universitaria explore, evalúe y explote ideas que puedan transformarse en iniciativas sociales y emprendedoras
Emprender en la universidad española: el caso de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Las universidades son capaces de incubar nuevas empresas empezadas indistintamente por alumnos o por investigadores de la propia universidad. Medir la capacidad de construir capital emprendedor indistintamente para los estudiantes e investigadores es parte del papel desempeñado por las universidades emprendedoras (Audretsch, 2014), que son incubadoras clave ofreciendo un ambiente de soporte en el cual la comunidad universitaria puede explorar, evaluar y explotar ideas que pueden ser transformadas en iniciativas empresariales susceptibles de generar riqueza para la sociedad. Este es el caso de la Universitat Politècnica de València
Silencing of Foxp3 enhances the antitumor efficacy of GM-CSF genetically modified tumor cell vaccine against B16 melanoma
The antitumor response after therapeutic vaccination has a limited effect and seems to be related to the presence of T regulatory cells (Treg), which express the immunoregulatory molecules CTLA4 and Foxp3. The blockage of CTLA4 using antibodies has shown an effective antitumor response conducing to the approval of the human anti-CTLA4 antibody ipilimumab by the US Food and Drug Administration. On the other hand, Foxp3 is crucial for Treg development. For this reason, it is an attractive target for cancer treatment. This study aims to evaluate whether combining therapeutic vaccination with CTLA4 or Foxp3 gene silencing enhances the antitumor response. First, the "in vitro" cell entrance and gene silencing efficacy of two tools, 2'-O-methyl phosphorotioate-modified oligonucleotides (2'-OMe-PS-ASOs) and polypurine reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs), were evaluated in EL4 cells and cultured primary lymphocytes. Following B16 tumor transplant, C57BL6 mice were vaccinated with irradiated B16 tumor cells engineered to produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and were intraperitoneally treated with CTLA4 and Foxp3 2'-OMe-PS-ASO before and after vaccination. Tumor growth, mice survival, and CTLA4 and Foxp3 expression in blood cells were measured. The following results were obtained: 1) only 2'-OMe-PS-ASO reached gene silencing efficacy "in vitro"; 2) an improved survival effect was achieved combining both therapeutic vaccine and Foxp3 antisense or CTLA4 antisense oligonucleotides (50% and 20%, respectively); 3) The blood CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (Treg) and CD4+CTLA4+ cell counts were higher in mice that developed tumor on the day of sacrifice. Our data showed that tumor cell vaccine combined with Foxp3 or CTLA4 gene silencing can increase the efficacy of therapeutic antitumor vaccination
ArchAIDE-Archaeological Automatic Interpretation and Documentation of cEramics
The goals of H2020 project "ArchAIDE: are to support the classification and interpretation work of archaeologists with innovative computer-based tools, able to provide the user with features for the semi-automatic description and matching of potsherds over the huge existing ceramic catalogues. Pottery classification is of fundamental importance for the comprehension and dating of the archaeological contexts, and for understanding production, trade flows and social interactions, but it requires complex skills and it is a very time consuming activity, both for researchers and professionals. The aim of ArchAIDE is to support the work of archaeologists, in order to meet real user needs and generate economic benefits, reducing time and costs. This would create societal benefits from cultural heritage, improving access, re-use and exploitation of the digital cultural heritage in a sustainable way. These objectives will be achieved through the development of: - an as-automatic-as-possible procedure to transform the paper catalogues in a digital description, to be used as a data pool for search and retrieval process; - a tool (mainly designed for mobile devices) that will support archaeologists in recognizing and classifying potsherds during excavation and post-excavation analysis, through an easy-to-use interface and efficient algorithms for characterisation, search and retrieval of the visual/geometrical correspondences; - an automatic procedure to derive a complete potsherds identity card by transforming the data collected into a formatted electronic document, printable or visual; - a web-based real-time data visualisation to improve access to archaeological heritage and generate new understanding; - an open archive to allow the archival and re-use of archaeological data, transforming them into common heritage and permitting economic sustainability. Those tools will be tested and assessed on real-cases scenarios, paving the way to future exploitation
Immunotherapeutic synergy between anti-CD137 mAb and intratumoral administration of a cytopathic Semliki Forest virus encoding IL-12
Intratumoral injection of Semliki Forest virus encoding interleukin-12 (SFV-IL-12) combines acute expression of IL-12 and stressful apoptosis of infected malignant cells. Agonist antibodies directed to costimulatory receptor CD137 (4-1BB) strongly amplify pre-existing cellular immune responses toward weak tumor antigens. In this study, we provide evidence for powerful synergistic effects of a combined strategy consisting of intratumoral injection of SFV-IL-12 and systemic delivery of agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which was substantiated against poorly immunogenic B16 melanomas (B16-OVA and B16.F10) and TC-1 lung carcinomas. Effector CD8(β)(+) T cells were sufficient to mediate complete tumor eradications. Accordingly, there was an intensely synergistic in vivo enhancement of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)-mediated immunity against the tumor antigens OVA and tyrosine-related protein-2 (TRP-2). This train of phenomena led to long-lasting tumor-specific immunity against rechallenge, attained transient control of the progression of concomitant tumor lesions that were not directly treated with SFV-IL-12 and caused autoimmune vitiligo. Importantly, we found that SFV-IL-12 intratumoral injection induces bright expression of CD137 on most tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T lymphocytes, thereby providing more abundant targets for the action of the agonist antibody. This efficacious combinatorial immunotherapy strategy offers feasibility for clinical translation since anti-CD137 mAbs are already undergoing clinical trials and development of clinical-grade SFV-IL-12 vectors is in progress
Influence de la teneur de nickel sur le comportement tribologique et électrochimique de l’alliage TiNi.
Parmi les matériaux métalliques, les alliages de TiNi sont employés principalement pour des applications biomédicales et/ou dentaires dues à leur meilleure compatibilité mécanique avec les tissus, leur module de Young proche de celui de l’os et une résistance élevée à la corrosion dans les fluides du corps et une bonne biocompatibilité. Pour cette raison, le comportement à la corrosion et à l’usure de l’alliage TiNi avec des teneurs en Ni varie de 40 à 60% en poids, ont été étudiés afin de vérifier l’effet du Ni sur la biocompatibilité de cet alliage pour des applications dentaires
Overcoming class II-linked non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine
This work shows that class II-linked humoral lack of response to an antigen can be overcome by joint immunization with the antigen and a T-helper cell determinant (TDh) well recognized by class II molecules of a non-responder individual. Thus, SJL/J mice (H-2s), which are non-responders to the S region of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), were rendered responders by joint immunization with a recombinant surface antigen, only composed of the S region, and a short synthetic TDh peptide well recognized by the H-2s restriction. By contrast, when this peptide is not recognized as TDh, as in B10M mice (H-2f restricted and also non-responders to the S region), no humoral response could be induced against the S region. These results have important implications for therapy and vaccination against hepatitis B virus as well as in enhancing the immunogenicity of other antigens
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