674 research outputs found
Prevention of neurological injuries during mandibular third molar surgery: technical notes
Surgery to the mandibular third molar is common, and injuries to the inferior alveolar nerve and the lingual nerve are well-recognized complications of this procedure. The aim of these technical notes is to describe operative measures for reducing neurological complications during mandibular third molar surgery. The following procedure should be used to prevent damage to the inferior alveolar nerve: a well-designed mucoperiosteal flap, to obtain appropriate access to the surgical area; a conservative ostectomy on the distal and distal-lingual side; tooth sectioning, to facilitate its removal by decreasing the retention zones; tooth dislocation in the path of withdrawal imposed by the curvature of the root apex; and careful socket debridement, when the roots of the extracted tooth are in intimate contact with the mandibular canal. To prevent injury to the lingual nerve, it is important (I) to assess the integrity of the mandibular inner cortex and exclude the presence of fenestration, which could cause the dislocation of the tooth or its fragment into the sublingual or submandibular space; (II) to avoid inappropriate or excessive dislocation proceedings, in order to prevent lingual cortex fracture; (III) to perform horizontal mesial-distal crown sectioning of the lingually inclined tooth; (IV) to protect the lingual flap with a retractor showing the cortical ridge; and (V) to pass the suture not too apically and from the inner side in a buccal-lingual direction in the retromolar are
Synergy of multispectral and multisensors satellite observations to evaluate desert aerosol transport and impact of dust deposition on inland waters: study case of Lake Garda
The capabilities of different Earth Observation multispectral satellites are employed for detecting and tracking of desert dust coming from North Africa toward the Northern Italy area and for evaluating the impact of Saharan dust deposition in inland waters, such as those of Lake Garda. Absorbing and scattering spectral optical properties of desert aerosol in the atmospheric windows in the ultraviolet, visible-near-infrared, and infrared spectral ranges are exploited in the dust retrieval performed by OMI/Aura, MODIS/Terra-Aqua, and SEVIRI/MSG satellite sensors. Therefore, the direct link between dust deposition and increase in phytoplankton abundance has been assessed retrieving MERIS-based chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration for the desert dust events. Estimates of the increased chl-a in the lake have been derived with values in concentration from 30% to 170%. AERONET sun-photometer measurements, gravimetric particulate matter samplings
The Importance of Strengthening Mother and Child Health Services during the First 1000 Days of Life: The Foundation of Optimum Health, Growth and Development
The first 1000 days of a child's life, spanning from the time of conception until 2 years of age, are a unique period of laying down the foundations of optimum health, growth, and development across the lifespan. However, the first 1000 days are also a period of enormous vulnerability. How mothers and children are cared for during this crucial time has a profound influence on a child's ability to grow, learn, and thrive.1
The role of the first 1000 days of life is well-described. However, investments in this key period are scarce and the provision of adequate health care services id insufficient. The aim of this report is to further raise the attention of decision-makers and health care officers and professionals, including pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, obstetricians, nurses, midwives, dieticians, and lactation consultants, on the importance of investing in health care services to support and empower parents and families during a most critical period of their children's life. In particular, we encourage the adoption of integrated strategies to establish adequate preventive efforts and a perspective shift to strengthen or develop where lacking, efficient health care services dedicated to the first 1000 days of life as the first line of prevention
HMGB1 Is Increased by CFTR Loss of Function, Is Lowered by Insulin, and Increases In Vivo at Onset of CFRD.
Results from DROXO. III. Observation, source list and X-ray properties of sources detected in the "Deep Rho Ophiuchi XMM-Newton Observation"
X-rays from very young stars are powerful probes to investigate the
mechanisms at work in the very first stages of the star formation and the
origin of X-ray emission in very young stars. We present results from a 500 ks
long observation of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud with a XMM-Newton large program
named DROXO, aiming at studying the X-ray emission of deeply embedded Young
Stellar Objects (YSOs). The data acquired during the DROXO program were reduced
with SAS software, and filtered in time and energy to improve the signal to
noise of detected sources; light curves and spectra were obtained. We detected
111 sources, 61 of them associated with rho Ophiuchi YSOs as identified from
infrared observations with ISOCAM. Specifically, we detected 9 out of 11 Class
I, 31 out of 48 Class II and 15 out 16 Class III objects. Six objects out of 21
classified Class III candidates are also detected. At the same time we suggest
that 15 Class III candidates that remain undetected at log Lx < 28.3 are not
related to the cloud population. The global detection rate is ~64%. We have
achieved a flux sensitivity of ~5 x 10^{-15} erg s^{-1} cm^{-2}. The Lx to
L_bol ratio shows saturation at a value of ~ -3.5 for stars with T_eff <= 5000
K or 0.7 M_sun as observed in the Orion Nebula. The plasma temperatures and the
spectrum absorption show a decline with YSO class, with Class I YSOs being
hotter and more absorbed than Class II and III YSOs. In one star (GY 266) with
infrared counterpart in 2MASS and Spitzer catalogs we have detected a soft
excess in the X-ray spectrum which is best fitted by a cold thermal component
less absorbed than the main thermal component of the plasma. Such a soft
component hints to the presence of plasma heated by shocks due to jets outside
the dense circumstellar material.Comment: Accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysics journa
Lifelong Negative Influence of School Violence on Children.
violence in the school environment is a constant concern for educators and parents and is a serious and often lifelong burden for the young victims. School violence is not just a limited problem, variously affecting specific or isolated communities in economic advantaged or disadvantaged areas, but a global modern phenomenon involving, to various degrees, one of the core social institutions of our society.The European Paediatric Association-Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations (EPA/UNEPSA), through the working group on social pediatrics, supported by its European national pediatric societies members, is currently developing dedicated projects to investigate the physical, psychological, and social impacts of school violence on European children
and its possible lifelong risks. The purpose of this commentary is to raise awareness on this issue among healthcare professionals involved in childcare and to emphasize the importance of their participation in programs that are developed to monitor and prevent the negative, personal, and social impact
Intercomparison in the field between the new WISP-3 and other radiometers (TriOS Ramses, ASD FieldSpec, and TACCS)
Optical close-range instruments can be applied to derive water quality parameters for monitoring purposes and for validation of optical satellite data. In situ radiometers are often difficult to deploy, especially from a small boat or a remote location. The water insight spectrometer (WISP-3) is a new hand-held radiometer for monitoring water quality, which automatically performs measurements with three radiometers (L-sky, L-u, E-d) and does not need to be connected with cables and electrical power during measurements. The instrument is described and its performance is assessed by an intercomparison to well-known radiometers, under real fieldwork conditions using a small boat and with sometimes windy and cloudy weather. Root mean squared percentage errors relative to those of the TriOS system were generally between 20% and 30% for remote sensing reflection, which was comparable to those of the other instruments included in this study. From this assessment, it can be stated that for the tested conditions, the WISP-3 can be used to obtain reflection spectra with accuracies in the same range as well-known instruments. When tuned with suitable regional algorithms, it can be used for quick scans for water quality monitoring of Chl, SPM, and aCDOM. (C) 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). [DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.6.063615
The X-ray luminosity of solar-mass stars in the intermediate age open cluster NGC 752
AIMS. While observational evidence shows that most of the decline in a star's
X-ray activity occurs between the age of the Hyades (~8 x 10^8 yrs) and that of
the Sun, very little is known about the evolution of stellar activity between
these ages. To gain information on the typical level of coronal activity at a
star's intermediate age, we studied the X-ray emission from stars in the 1.9
Gyr old open cluster NGC 752. METHODS. We analysed a ~140 ks Chandra
observation of NGC 752 and a ~50 ks XMM-Newton observation of the same cluster.
We detected 262 X-ray sources in the Chandra data and 145 sources in the
XMM-Newton observation. Around 90% of the catalogued cluster members within
Chandra's field-of-view are detected in the X-ray. The X-ray luminosity of all
observed cluster members (28 stars) and of 11 cluster member candidates was
derived. RESULTS. Our data indicate that, at an age of 1.9 Gyr, the typical
X-ray luminosity of the cluster members with M=0.8-1.2 Msun is Lx = 1.3 x 10^28
erg s^-1, so approximately a factor of 6 less intense than that observed in the
younger Hyades. Given that Lx is proportional to the square of a star's
rotational rate, the median Lx of NGC 752 is consistent, for t > 1 Gyr, to a
decaying rate in rotational velocities v_rot ~ t^-alpha with alpha ~ 0.75,
steeper than the Skumanich relation (alpha ~ 0.5) and significantly steeper
than observed between the Pleiades and the Hyades (where alpha < 0.3),
suggesting that a change in the rotational regimes of the stellar interiors is
taking place at t ~ 1 Gyr.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A (13 pages, 8 figures
Small Island Developing States under threat by rising seas even in a 1.5 °C warming world
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have long been recognized as some of the planet’s most vulnerable areas to climate change, notably to rising sea levels and coastal extremes. They have been crucial in raising ambitions to keep global warming below 1.5 °C and in advancing the difficult debate on loss and damage. Still, quantitative estimates of loss and damage for SIDS under different mitigation targets are lacking. Here we carry out an assessment of future flood risk from slow-onset sea-level rise and episodic sea-level extremes along the coastlines of SIDS worldwide. We show that by the end of this century, without adaptation, climate change would amplify present direct economic damages from coastal flooding by more than 14 times under high-emissions scenarios. Keeping global warming below 1.5 °C could avoid almost half of unmitigated damage, depending on the region. Achieving this climate target, however, would still not prevent several SIDS from suffering economic losses that correspond to considerable shares of their GDP, probably leading to forced migration from low-lying coastal zones. Our results underline that investments in adaptation and sustainable development in SIDS are urgently needed, as well as dedicated support to assisting developing countries in responding to loss and damage due to climate change
XMM-Newton X-ray study of early type stars in the Carina OB1 association
<p><b>Aims:</b> X-ray properties of the stellar population in the Carina OB1 association are examined with special emphasis on early-type stars. Their spectral characteristics provide some clues to understanding the nature of X-ray formation mechanisms in the winds of single and binary early-type stars.</p>
<p><b>Methods:</b> A timing and spectral analysis of five observations with XMM-Newton is performed using various statistical tests and thermal spectral models.</p>
<p><b>Results:</b> 235 point sources have been detected within the field of view. Several of these sources are probably pre-main sequence stars with characteristic short-term variability. Seven sources are possible background AGNs. Spectral analysis of twenty four sources of type OB and WR 25 was performed. We derived spectral parameters of the sources and their fluxes in three energy bands. Estimating the interstellar absorption for every source and the distance to the nebula, we derived X-ray luminosities of these stars and compared them to their bolometric luminosities. We discuss possible reasons for the fact that, on average, the observed X-ray properties of binary and single early type stars are not very different, and give several possible explanations.</p>
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