45 research outputs found
A Dip Into a Deep Well: Online Political Advertisements, Valence, and European Electoral Campaigning
Online political advertisements have become an important element in electoral
campaigning throughout the world. At the same time, concepts such as
disinformation and manipulation have emerged as a global concern. Although
these concepts are distinct from online political ads and data-driven electoral
campaigning, they tend to share a similar trait related to valence, the
intrinsic attractiveness or averseness of a message. Given this background, the
paper examines online political ads by using a dataset collected from Google's
transparency reports. The examination is framed to the mid-2019 situation in
Europe, including the European Parliament elections in particular. According to
the results based on sentiment analysis of the textual ads displayed via
Google's advertisement machinery, (i) most of the political ads have expressed
positive sentiments, although these vary greatly between (ii) European
countries as well as across (iii) European political parties. In addition to
these results, the paper contributes to the timely discussion about data-driven
electoral campaigning and its relation to politics and democracy
The Discursive Denial of Racism by Finnish Populist Radical Right Politicians Accused of Anti-Muslim Hate-Speech
This chapter explores Finnish populist radical right politicians’ discursive denials of racism against Muslims following the 2015 European “refugee crisis”. The critical discursive psychological analysis of the politicians’ Facebook accounts identifies four ways in which racism was denied: first, through constructing the statements as mere displays of undisputable facts and common-sense; second, through personal narratives and ontological gerrymandering that acted as ‘proof’ of the politician’s non-racist disposition; third, through transferring the discussion from issues about race to concern matters of cultural threats; and, fourth, through reversing racism to the politicians’ political antagonists. The analyses show that in their discursive denial of racist hate-speech against Muslims, the Finnish politicians relied more on cultural arguments than welfare-protectionist ones. That is, the denials were primarily warranted through nostalgic references to Finnish national identity, people and values, and rhetorical promises that the hope of saving these rests on resisting the cultural threat posed by Islam.Peer reviewe
Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies
Data availability;
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the Center for Open Science repository, https://osf.io/djnfg/.Supplementary Information is available online at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-024-55815-x#Sec17 .When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.This research was funded by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond) [P17-0030:1]. The contribution of J.W was supported by CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association and fundings from the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y5CX052003 and E2CX3315CX). The contributions of M.H and S.G. for the Czech part of research was supported by a Grant 23-061770S of the Czech Science Foundation and by RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences. Open access funding provided by Linköping University
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Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries
Data availability:
The data generated in this study have been deposited in the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/STKFR). Non-experimental data included in our datasets (i.e., intensity of government response to COVID-19 is the Stringency Index, COVID-19 deaths and cases per million) are taken from the Oxford COVID−19 Government Response Tracker [22 Hale, T. et al. A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID−19 Government Response Tracker). Nat. Human Behav. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8 (2021).] and Our World in Data [38 Ritchie, H. et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus (2020).] (downloaded November 2020). Wave 0 data are from [3 Gelfand, M. J. et al. Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study. Science 332, 1100–1104 (2011).[ and Wave 1 data are from [5 Eriksson, K. et al. Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies. Nat. Commun. 12, 1481 (2021).].Code availability:
The survey and analysis code are available at the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/STKFR).Supplementary information is available online at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-44999-5#Sec40 .The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat.Knut and Wallenberg Grant “How do human norms form and change?” 2016.0167. (G.An.). The Swedish Research Council grant “Norms & Risk: Do social norms help dealing with collective threats” 2021-06271 (G.An.). Ministero dell’Istruzione dell’Università e della Ricerca, PRIN 2017, prot. 20178TRM3F (D.B.). Universidad de Los Andes, Fondo Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones (J.-C.C.). Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary, National Research, Development and Innovation Fund NKFIH-OTKA K135963 (M.F.). Grant 23-061770 S of the Czech Science Foundation (M.H. and S.G.). RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences (M.H. and S.G.). RA Science Committee, research project N.20TTSH-070 (A.Gr. and N.Khac.). Open University of Israel, 511687 (R.N.). HSE University Basic Research Program (E.O.). Project BASIC (PID2022-141802NB-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” (A.Sá.). US Army Research Office Grant W911NF-19-1-910281 (B.S.). Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, 019.183SG.001 (E.S.). Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, VI.Veni.201 G.013 (E.S.). European Commission, Horizon 2020-ID 870827 (E.S.). UKRI Grant “Secret Power” No. EP/X02170X/1 awarded under the European Commission’s “European Research Council - STG” Scheme (G.A.T.)
A protein-truncating R179X variant in RNF186 confers protection against ulcerative colitis
Protein-truncating variants protective against human disease provide in vivo validation of therapeutic targets. Here we used targeted sequencing to conduct a search for protein-truncating variants conferring protection against inflammatory bowel disease exploiting knowledge of common variants associated with the same disease. Through replication genotyping and imputation we found that a predicted protein-truncating variant (rs36095412, p.R179X, genotyped in 11,148 ulcerative colitis patients and 295,446 controls, MAF = up to 0.78%) in RNF186, a single-exon ring finger E3 ligase with strong colonic expression, protects against ulcerative colitis (overall P = 6.89 x 10(-7), odds ratio = 0.30). We further demonstrate that the truncated protein exhibits reduced expression and altered subcellular localization, suggesting the protective mechanism may reside in the loss of an interaction or function via mislocalization and/or loss of an essential transmembrane domain.Peer reviewe
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Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat
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Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake
Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat
The investigation and recording of all the types of structural material deterioration of the theater of Ancient Sikyon
206 σ.Η Αρχαία Σικυώνα, λίκνο των τεχνών της Αρχαίας Ελλάδας, η οποία και είχε στο πέρασμα του χρόνου ονομασθεί Ελλάς, βρίσκεται δεκαοκτώ χιλιόμετρα βορειοδυτικά της Κορίνθου. Στον τόπο αυτό γεννήθηκε η αρχαία τραγωδία και έλαβε χώρα για πρώτη φορά στο Αρχαίο Θέατρο.
Η Διερεύνηση και η καταγραφή των τύπων φθοράς του δομικού υλικού του Αρχαίου Θεάτρου της Αρχαίας Σικυώνος και η ταυτοποίησή τους με το γλωσσάρι των τύπων φθοράς που απαντώνται στα μνημεία της Διεθνούς Επιστημονικής Επιτροπής για το Λίθο (ICOMOS), το οποίο έγινε προσπαθεια να μεταφραστεί για πρώτη φορά στα Ελληνικά, αποτέλεσε το αντικείμενο μελέτης της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας.
Η μακροσκοπική παρατήρηση σύμφωνα με την οποία έγινε η διάγνωση της κατάστασης του μνημείου ήταν δυσχερής λόγω της εκτεταμένης διάβρωσης του.
Οι σημαντικότεροι τύποι φθοράς, οι οποίοι συναντώνται σε μεγάλο βαθμό στο Αρχαίο Θέατρο, σύμφωνα με το εικονογραφημένο γλωσσάρι του icomos, είναι οι ακόλουθοι:
• Διάφοροι τύποι Ρωγμών (κυρίως Θραύση και Διαχωρισμός), στο Αποστραγγιστικό σύστημα και στη Σκηνή.
• Διάσπαση υλικού παρατηρήθηκε στις Προεδρίες, επίσης
• Μικρορωγμές εντοπίστηκαν στην περιοχή των Προεδριών.
• Βελονισμός, σε λίθους της Σκηνής.
• Διαφορική Διάβρωση, στην περιοχή των εδωλίων.
• Αποφλοίωση επιχρίσματος, σε λίθους του περιβάλλοντα χώρου του μνημείου.
• Κυψελοειδής Διάβρωση, στο εσωτερικό των διόδων.
• Μηχανική Βλάβη, σε μέρος της μία διόδου που οφείλεται σε ανθρωπογενή παράγοντα (πιθανώς για την στερέωση κάποιου υποστηλώματος).
• Θρυμματισμός σε μορφή χαλικιού, σε μέρη που υποβάλλονται σε μεγάλα φορτία της κατασκευής, εντοπίστηκε τόσο στην Ανατολική όσο και τη Δυτική δίοδο.
• Μαύρη κρούστα από επικαθήσεις αιθάλης και υδρογοναθράκων εντοπίστηκε στο μεγαλύτερο μέρος του εσωτερικού τμήματος της Ανατολική διόδου.
• (Κοκκώδης) Αποσάθρωση, επιφανειών των λίθων του περιβάλλοντα χώρου.
• Ελλειπή κομμάτια, προυπάρχοντος λίθινου τμήματος σε αρκετές από τις προεδρίες.
• Διάτρηση λίθων από έντομα, πτηνά και λιθοφάγους οργανισμούς, σε λίθους που βρίσκονται πίσω από την ορχήστρα καθώς και στην εσωτερική πλευρά των διόδων σε προχωρημένο στάδιο.
• Βιολογική αποίκιση – Βιοδιάβρωση – ανάπτυξη βιολογικών κρουστών : από άλγη, βρύα και λειχήνες (μικροπανίδα) καθώς και από φωλιές πτηνών και εντόμων. Εντοπίζεται επίσης ανώτερη χλωρίδα. Έντονη βλάστηση, φυτά και κορμοί δένδρων έχουν ενσωματωθεί στο μνημείο.
Επιπλέον, πρέπει να πραγματοποιηθεί έρευνα για τη διερεύνηση των τύπων φθοράς με την εφαρμογή μη καταστρεπτικών μεθόδων (Θερμογραφία Υπερύθρου, Υπερηχοσκόπηση, Μικροσκοπία Οπτικων Ινών, Γεωραντάρ) για την χαρτογράφηση της φθορας του συνόλου του μνημείου.
Τέλος, η πλήρης ανασκαφή του Θεάτρου θα μετριάσει τη διάβρωση που συντελείται εις βάρος του, θα αποκαλύψει το μέγεθός της και θα καταστήσει ικανή την επέμβαση συντήρησης και αποκατάστασης του μνημείου, ώστε να μην στερείται εφ’εξής της παλαιότερης υψηλής αισθητικής που το διέκρινε ως ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα Θέατρα, ολόκληρης της Πελοποννήσου.Ancient Sicyon, which has been under the name Hellas through the ages and is characterized as the cradle of arts is placed eighteen kilometers northwest of Corinth. There is the place where tragedy was formed and performed at this Theatre.
The investigation and recording of all the types of structural material deterioration of the ancient theater of Ancient Sikyon and their identification with the glossary on stone deterioration patterns, that found in the monuments, of the International Scientific Committee for Stone (ICOMOS), which attempted to be translated for the first time in Greek, is the subject of the present diplomatic thesis.
The macroscopic observation according to which was held the diagnosis of the monument’s condition was difficult due to extensive erosion that take place.
The main deterioration patterns which occur widely at the Ancient Theatre, according to the illustrated glossary of icomos, are:
• Different forms of Crack (mostly splitting and fracture), identified especially in drainage system and at the Scene.
• Material fragmentation was observed in the Presidencies also
• Microkarst developed on the Presidencies.
• Pitting developing on stones of the Scene.
• Differential erosion of the seats.
• Peeling of a surface layer of some stones that are at the surroundings of the monument.
• Alveolization of the diodes’ interior.
• Mechanical damage on a side of a diode (passage), due to anthropogenic factors (probably created to fix a pillar, which was later removed).
• Chipping, due to overload on the structure was detected both in East and West passage (diode).
• Black crust of smoke (soot) and hydrocarbon deposits found in most of the internal portion of the eastern passage.
• Granular disintegration, occurs in stone surfaces of the surrounding area.
• Missing parts of pre-existing stone parts in several of the Presidencies.
• Perforation by insects, birds and lithophagous organisms on stones behind the orchestra and the inner side of the diode in an advanced stage.
• Biological colonization – biological corrosion - development of biological crusts: algae, mosses and lichens (microfauna) as well as birds’ and insects’ nests. Also found higher plants. Intense vegetation, plants and tree trunks have been incorporated in the monument.
Additional research should be done to investigate the types of decay by applying non-destructive techniques (NDT) such as infrared(IR) thermography, Ultrasonics (Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials), Fiber Optic Microscopy(FOM) and Surface Ground Penetrating to map the total decay of the monument.
Finally, research shall be performed in order to identify the quarry from which the structural material was taken. The complete excavation of the Theatre will mitigate the corrosion which is happening, will reveal the degree of the corrosion, and will make clear that the preservation and conservation of the monument is needed in order to give back to the monument its lost high esthetics that has placed it among the best Theatre of the whole Peloponnesus.Αικατερίνη Ι. Σακκ