423 research outputs found
Ontwikkeling en validatie van analysemethoden voor de bepaling van (sporen)elementen in kunststoffen
Polymeermaterialen zijn niet meer weg te denken uit ons dagelijks leven. Hun succes is mede te danken aan de mogelijkheid om additieven toe te voegen aan het materiaal waardoor de eigenschappen, zoals o.m. de hardheid, de thermische weerstand en de rekbaarheid, verbeteren. Er bestaat een brede waaier aan additieven, elk met een specifieke functie. Voor de polymeerindustrie is het bijgevolg noodzakelijk om meer dan 60 elementen zowel kwalitatief als kwantitatief te kunnen bepalen en dit in concentraties gaande van percent tot ppb niveau. Ter ondersteuning van de productontwikkeling, de productiecontrole en het kwaliteitsmanagement is elementanalyse zeer belangrijk. In verschillende sectoren worden bovendien nieuwe normen en reglementeringen aangaande het toevoegen van metalen aan polymeren geïntroduceerd of wordt de bestaande regelgeving verstrengd waardoor accurate controle een absolute must is. Hoewel elementanalyse (bepaling van elementen gaande van H tot U) vaak wordt toegepast in de polymeerindustrie voor de hierboven vermelde redenen, is het zo dat de gebruikte analytische methoden zeer verschillend zijn en binnen de Europese Unie niet geharmoniseerd zijn, laat staan wereldwijd. Bovendien worden de gestelde eisen inzake o.m. detectievermogen en analysesnelheid steeds strenger. Dit alles illustreert het belang van de ontwikkeling van betrouwbare, krachtige en praktische methoden voor de bepaling van additieven in polymeren. Een brede waaier aan digestiemethoden alsook aan spectrometrische technieken kan worden ingezet voor de bepaling van (sporen)elementen in polymeren. De doelstelling van dit werk was de ontwikkeling van adequate methoden voor de bepaling van additieven in polymeermaterialen. Hierbij diende telkens een weloverwogen keuze gemaakt te worden van de aan te wenden monstervoorbereiding, de analysemethode en de monsterintroductie (analyse na voorafgaande monsterdigestie of solid sampling)
Microbial community management in aquaculture
Microbial community management in aquaculture creates benefits at the nutritional as well as at health level for cultured species. In addition, in case of biofloc application, it allows to link species at different trophic levels, making bioflocs the potential link in integrated multispecies aquaculture
Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography carbon monoxide total columns: Statistical evaluation and comparison with chemistry transport model results
This paper presents a detailed statistical analysis of one year (September 2003 to August 2004) of global Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) carbon monoxide (CO) total column retrievals from the Iterative Maximum Likelihood Method (IMLM) algorithm, version 6.3. SCIAMACHY provides the first solar reflectance measurements of CO and is uniquely sensitive down to the boundary layer. SCIAMACHY measurements and chemistry transport model (CTM) results are compared and jointly evaluated. Significant improvements in agreement occur, especially close to biomass burning emission regions, when the new Global Fire Emissions Database version 2 (GFEDv2) is used with the CTM. Globally, the seasonal variation of the model is very similar to that of the SCIAMACHY measurements. For certain locations, significant differences were found, which are likely related to modeling errors due to CO emission uncertainties. Statistical analysis shows that differences between single SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements and corresponding model results are primarily explained by random instrument noise errors. This strongly suggests that the random instrument noise errors are a good diagnostic for the precision of the measurements. The analysis also indicates that noise in single SCIAMACHY CO measurements is generally greater than actual variations in total columns. It is thus required to average SCIAMACHY data over larger temporal and spatial scales to obtain valuable information. Analyses of monthly averaged SCIAMACHY measurements over 3° × 2° geographical regions indicates that they are of sufficient accuracy to reveal valuable information about spatial and temporal variations in CO columns and provide an important tool for model validation. A large spatial and temporal variation in instrument noise errors exists which shows a close correspondence with the spatial distribution of surface albedo and cloud cover. This large spatial variability is important for the use of monthly and annual mean SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements. The smallest instrument noise errors of monthly mean 3° × 2° SCIAMACHY CO total columns measurements are 0.01 × 1018 molecules/cm2 for high surface albedo areas over the Sahara. Errors in SCIAMACHY CO total column retrievals due to errors other than instrument noise, like cloud cover, calibration, retrieval uncertainties and averaging kernels are estimated to be about 0.05–0.1 × 1018 molecules/cm2 in total. The bias found between model and observations is around 0.05–0.1 1018 molecules/cm2 (or about 5%) which also includes model errors. This thus provides a best estimate of the currently achievable measurement accuracy for SCIAMACHY CO monthly mean averages
Towards conductive textiles: coating polymeric fibres with graphene
This is the final version of the article. Available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this record.Conducting fibres are essential to the development of e-textiles. We demonstrate a method to make common insulating textile fibres conductive, by coating them with graphene. The resulting fibres display sheet resistance values as low as 600 Ωsq−1, demonstrating that the high conductivity of graphene is not lost when transferred to textile fibres. An extensive microscopic study of the surface of graphene-coated fibres is presented. We show that this method can be employed to textile fibres of different materials, sizes and shapes, and to different types of graphene. These graphene-based conductive fibres can be used as a platform to build integrated electronic devices directly in textiles.The authors would like to thank Dr Yat-Tarng (Tommy) Shyng for the non-contact scanning measurements and would like to acknowledge financial support from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC grants EP/J000396/1, EP/K017160, EP/K010050/1, EP/G036101/1, EP/M002438/1, EP/M001024/1), the Royal Society Travel Exchange Grants 2012 and 2013, the European Commission FP7-ICT-2013-613024-GRASP and H2020-MSCA-IF-2015-704963, and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), co-financed by FEDER (PT2020 Partnership Agreement), under contracts PTDC/QEQ-SUP/1413/2012, RECI/CTM-CER/0336/2012, IF/01088/2014, BI/UI89/2015, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679 (UID/CTM/50011/2013) and COMPETE:FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027465
Parametric Polyhedra with at least Lattice Points: Their Semigroup Structure and the k-Frobenius Problem
Given an integral matrix , the well-studied affine semigroup
\mbox{ Sg} (A)=\{ b : Ax=b, \ x \in {\mathbb Z}^n, x \geq 0\} can be
stratified by the number of lattice points inside the parametric polyhedra
. Such families of parametric polyhedra appear in
many areas of combinatorics, convex geometry, algebra and number theory. The
key themes of this paper are: (1) A structure theory that characterizes
precisely the subset \mbox{ Sg}_{\geq k}(A) of all vectors b \in \mbox{
Sg}(A) such that has at least solutions. We
demonstrate that this set is finitely generated, it is a union of translated
copies of a semigroup which can be computed explicitly via Hilbert bases
computations. Related results can be derived for those right-hand-side vectors
for which has exactly solutions or fewer
than solutions. (2) A computational complexity theory. We show that, when
, are fixed natural numbers, one can compute in polynomial time an
encoding of \mbox{ Sg}_{\geq k}(A) as a multivariate generating function,
using a short sum of rational functions. As a consequence, one can identify all
right-hand-side vectors of bounded norm that have at least solutions. (3)
Applications and computation for the -Frobenius numbers. Using Generating
functions we prove that for fixed the -Frobenius number can be
computed in polynomial time. This generalizes a well-known result for by
R. Kannan. Using some adaptation of dynamic programming we show some practical
computations of -Frobenius numbers and their relatives
The Source of Three-minute Magneto-acoustic Oscillations in Coronal Fans
We use images of high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution, obtained
using both ground- and space-based instrumentation, to investigate the coupling
between wave phenomena observed at numerous heights in the solar atmosphere.
Intensity oscillations of 3 minutes are observed to encompass photospheric
umbral dot structures, with power at least three orders-of-magnitude higher
than the surrounding umbra. Simultaneous chromospheric velocity and intensity
time series reveal an 87 \pm 8 degree out-of-phase behavior, implying the
presence of standing modes created as a result of partial wave reflection at
the transition region boundary. An average blue-shifted Doppler velocity of
~1.5 km/s, in addition to a time lag between photospheric and chromospheric
oscillatory phenomena, confirms the presence of upwardly-propagating slow-mode
waves in the lower solar atmosphere. Propagating oscillations in EUV intensity
are detected in simultaneous coronal fan structures, with a periodicity of 172
\pm 17 s and a propagation velocity of 45 \pm 7 km/s. Numerical simulations
reveal that the damping of the magneto-acoustic wave trains is dominated by
thermal conduction. The coronal fans are seen to anchor into the photosphere in
locations where large-amplitude umbral dot oscillations manifest. Derived
kinetic temperature and emission measure time-series display prominent
out-of-phase characteristics, and when combined with the previously established
sub-sonic wave speeds, we conclude that the observed EUV waves are the coronal
counterparts of the upwardly-propagating magneto-acoustic slow-modes detected
in the lower solar atmosphere. Thus, for the first time, we reveal how the
propagation of 3 minute magneto-acoustic waves in solar coronal structures is a
direct result of amplitude enhancements occurring in photospheric umbral dots.Comment: Accepted into ApJ (13 pages and 10 figures
The Structure and Dynamics of the Upper Chromosphere and Lower Transition Region as Revealed by the Subarcsecond VAULT Observations
The Very high Angular resolution ULtraviolet Telescope (VAULT) is a sounding
rocket payload built to study the crucial interface between the solar
chromosphere and the corona by observing the strongest line in the solar
spectrum, the Ly-a line at 1216 {\AA}. In two flights, VAULT succeeded in
obtaining the first ever sub-arcsecond (0.5") images of this region with high
sensitivity and cadence. Detailed analyses of those observations have
contributed significantly to new ideas about the nature of the transition
region. Here, we present a broad overview of the Ly-a atmosphere as revealed by
the VAULT observations, and bring together past results and new analyses from
the second VAULT flight to create a synthesis of our current knowledge of the
high-resolution Ly-a Sun. We hope that this work will serve as a good reference
for the design of upcoming Ly-a telescopes and observing plans.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figure
Transparent conductive graphene textile fibers
Transparent and flexible electrodes are widely used on a variety of substrates such as plastics and glass. Yet, to date, transparent electrodes on a textile substrate have not been explored
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