Petrogenesis of basalts from southern Turkey: The Plio-Quaternary volcanism to the north of Iskenderun Gulf

The Quaternary volcanicity north of the Iskenderun Gulf in the eastern Mediterranean is represented by small basaltic scoria cones and flows. Approximately 115 km2 of land area is occupied by young basalts which straddle both the main (the Karatas-Osmaniye Fault Zone) strike-slip fault system which forms the Africa-Turkey Plate boundary and the suture of the southern arm of the former Neotethys Ocean. Detailed petrological and geochemical analyses of these rocks have been carried out, with the aim of trying to understand why they have erupted in this locality. The rocks consist mainly of basanites (43-46% silica; 3.9-6.5% alkalis) and some alkali olivine basalts (45% silica; 3.8-4.2% alkalis). Both the basanites and alkali olivine basalts are porphyritic, vitrophyric and highly vesiculated with euhedral and subhedral olivine (Fo82-Fo78) phenocrysts set in a fine-grained groundmass of olivine (Fo70), plagioclase (An71-An66), clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite. Olivine phenocrysts contain abundant Cr-spinel and titanomagnetite inclusions. Some geochemical characteristics of these basalts indicate similarity with extension-related alkali basalts; others indicate similarity with ocean island basalt; and yet others indicate subduction-related characteristics. This complexity leads to difficulties with interpretation, especially since there is no demonstrable local extension, subduction or mantle plume activity in the vicinity

Nature and significance of Late Cretaceous ophiolitic rocks and their relation to the Baskil granitic intrusions of the Elazig region, SE Turkey

The Elazig region in SE Turkey comprises, in descending order, the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Malatya-Keban platform, an ensimatic island arc unit (i.e. Elazig magmatic rocks-Yüksekova complex), and ophiolitic rocks (i.e. Kömürhan) of Late Cretaceous age. All of these were intruded by the Baskil granitic rocks. These tectonomagmatic-stratigraphic assemblages were emplaced over the Middle Eocene volcano-sedimentary Maden complex to the south during the evolution of the SE Anatolian orogen. The Kömürhan ophiolite exhibits an intact ophiolite pseudostratigraphy. The base of this has been metamorphosed to amphibolite facies during intraoceanic subduction-thrusting. The amphibolitic rocks were intruded by synkinematic granitic rocks (Baskil magmatic rocks). The ensimatic island arc volcanic rocks are widely distributed in the region. The contact of the volcano-sedimentary unit with the underlying Kömürhan ophiolite is a thrust dipping to the north. The rock assemblages of the volcano-sedimentary unit suggest formation of small volcanic edifices above a subduction zone, coupled with debris-flow deposits and volcaniclastic turbidites. The whole-rock and mineral chemistry of the Kömürhan ophiolite and the ensimatic island arc volcanic rocks suggests that they represent a comagmatic tholeiitic suite, formed in the Late Cretaceous in a suprasubduction zone (SSZ) setting. The amphibolites beneath the Kömürhan ophiolite indicate derivation from an island arc tholeiite (IAT) protolith. The geological and geochemical evidence from the Elazig region suggests the following evolutionary scenario. The Kömürhan ophiolite was formed above a north-dipping subduction zone between the Arabian platform to the south and the Tauride platform to the north in Late Cretaceous (c. 90 Ma). An ensimatic island arc assemblage was then built on the SSZ-type crust. The metamorphic sole was formed by metamorphism of IAT-type basalts that were detached from the front of the overriding Kömürhan ophiolite and then underplated. These units were then accreted to the base of the Tauride active margin to the north, where both units were cut by the Baskil granitic rocks around 85 Ma. © The Geological Society of London 2006

Silica gemstones formation in yamadağ volcanites (Arguvan-Malatya) mineralogical, geochemical, gemological properties and economic importance [Yamadağ volkanitleri (Arguvan-Malatya) içerisinde silisli süstaşı oluşumları mineralojik, jeokimyasal, gemolojik özellikleri ve ekonomik önemleri]

Yamadağ Volcanics which is one of the examples of the Late Miocene volcanism in Eastern Anatolia covers large areas within the boundaries of Arguvan county of Malatya. The gemstones, subject of this research range from a few centimeters to about 30-40 cm in size and are formed in the cavities of the basalts beonging to Yamadağ volcanics. These gemstones seem to have formed as veins extending in east-west direction and consist of opal (opal-CT) and chrysocolla. Opal formations have various colours such as white, brown, yellow and greenish, while chrysocolla formations are bluish-greenish in color. both opal and chrysocolla are of massive type and their fresh surfaces display waxy luster. Mineral paragenesis and formation conditions of gemstones and are determined by applying XRD, SEM, FT-IR techniques. ICP-MS technique is used for the determination of the geochemical compositions. The gemological characteristics are identified via cabochon and facet cut techniques by using diamond coating blade, sintered diamond abrasive discs and polishing machine. Opals are usually composed of tridymite minerals, also in some cases quartz and cristobalite minerals accompany the tridymite minerals. The EDX measurements reveal, enrichment of Fe and Al in opals, and of Cu in chrysocolla. The ICP-MS measurements, in chrysocollas reveal, enrichments in LIL elements such as Ba, Sr and in HFS elements such as U. Consequently, gemological studies show that the chrysocolla and opals in study area, which have waxy luster and massive structure, are suitable for utilization as a gemstone due to its color, hardness, durability, homogeneous distribution of color and processability. © 2018 Gazi Universitesi Muhendislik-Mimarlik. All rights reserved

Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine's curse) associated with Hirschsprung's disease: A case report Doǧumsal santral alveoler hipoventilasyon sendromuna eşlik eden Hirschsprung hastaliǧi: Olgu sunumu

Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome named as "Ondine's curse" is commonly associated with other neurocrestopathies. Our case that is associated with Hirschsprung's disease, is presented to review the diagnostic modalities and stress the difficulties in treatment in our country

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58\ub75%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31\ub72%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10\ub72%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12\ub73%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9\ub74%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14\ub70%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23\ub72%] of 1282) HDI (p<0\ub7001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17\ub78%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31\ub74%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39\ub78%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1\ub760, 95% credible interval 1\ub705\u20132\ub737; p=0\ub7030). 132 (21\ub76%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16\ub76%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19\ub78%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35\ub79%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p<0\ub7001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication. Funding: DFID-MRC-Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trial Development Grant, National Institute of Health Research Global Health Research Unit Grant