Bedeutung von Intelligenz und Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern in der Personalauswahl : eine Gegenüberstellung von Theorie und Praxis

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit den Themen Persönlichkeit und Intelligenz von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern in der Personalauswahl und vergleicht die theoretischen Befunde mit der Praxis. Konkret geht es um die Frage, wie wichtig Intelligenz und Persönlichkeit einer Person sind, um deren zukünftige berufliche Leistung vorherzusagen. In der Theorie konnte anhand einer ausführlichen Literaturrecherche gezeigt werden, dass die unter-schiedlichen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale eine vergleichsweise geringe Aussagekraft haben. Der beste Prädikator ist hierbei noch die Gewissenhaftigkeit, welche eine Korrelation von .27 mit beruflicher Leistung aufweist. Die kognitiven Fähigkeiten, sprich die Intelligenz einer Person, korreliert dagegen im Schnitt mit .62 mit der beruflichen Leistung. Diese Korrelation hängt massgeblich von der Komplexität und damit von der Art der Arbeitsstelle ab. Bei Berufen, welche kognitiv wenig anspruchsvoll sind, sinkt die Korrelation deutlich. Wohingegen bei kognitiv sehr anspruchsvollen Stellen die Korrelation steigt. Diesem Fakt wird in der Praxis bei der Personalselektion kaum Rechnung getragen. Verfahren zur Erfassung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern werden nicht eingesetzt. Persönlichkeitsfragebogen werden dagegen als Teil von Assessmentcentern eher noch eingesetzt. Aufgrund der Theorie müsste es umgekehrt sein: Die kognitiven Fähigkeitstest müssten in der Rekrutierung vermehrt eingesetzt und die Persönlichkeitstests eher vernachlässigt werden. Hauptargumente der Praxis hierfür sind fehlende Ressourcen für zusätzliche Tests, kognitive Fähigkeiten von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern lassen sich anhand der Abschlüsse ermitteln, Tests hierzu wären demnach redundant. Weiter wird auf die Unannehmlichkeiten für die Bewerberinnen und Bewerber verwiesen, auf mögliche Reputationsschäden für ein Unternehmen, wenn solche Tests eingesetzt würden sowie darauf, dass es teilweise zu wenig geeignete Bewerberinnen und Bewerber für eine freie Stelle gibt. Intelligenz- und Persönlichkeitstests sollten auch nicht alle anderen Verfahren in der Personalauswahl ersetzen oder verdrängen. Letztlich geht es darum, die Faktoren Intelligenz und Persönlichkeit abzuklären und je nach Art der Stelle unterschiedlich zu gewichten, um den besten Bewerber oder die beste Bewerberin für eine Stelle auszuwählen. Die möglichen Verfahren hierzu sind für die Variable Persönlichkeit deutlich vielfältiger. Bei der Intelligenz gibt es bis dato nur kognitive Fähigkeitstests, welche eingesetzt werden können. Aufgrund der Theorie ist die Intelligenz mit zunehmender Komplexität einer Stelle zu-nehmend höher zu gewichten

Timing of first union among second-generation Turks in Europe: The role of parents, peers and institutional context

This study examines the influence of parents and peers on first union timing among the Turkish second generation in Europe using pooled data from the TIES survey. Cross-national differences in union formation are assessed by comparing countries with different integration policies and welfare regimes. Analyses show that both parents and peers are relevant predictors of entry into union: More modern parental characteristics and contact with non-coethnic peers result in postponement of union entry. Furthermore, parental and peer influences are found to be rather similar in all seven countries despite a variety of integration policies. Actual timing differences between countries may be caused by welfare state provisions directed at young adults

Effect of Cereal α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitors on Developmental Characteristics and Abundance of Digestive Enzymes of Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.)

The objective of this work was to investigate the potential effect of cereal α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) on growth parameters and selective digestive enzymes of Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. The approach consisted of feeding the larvae with wheat, sorghum and rice meals containing different levels and composition of α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors. The developmental and biochemical characteristics of the larvae were assessed over feeding periods of 5 h, 5 days and 10 days, and the relative abundance of α-amylase and selected proteases in larvae were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, weight gains ranged from 21% to 42% after five days of feeding. The larval death rate significantly increased in all groups after 10 days of feeding (p < 0.05), whereas the pupation rate was about 25% among larvae fed with rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Siyazan/Esperya wheat meals, and only 8% and 14% among those fed with Damougari and S35 sorghum meals. As determined using the Lowry method, the protein contents of the sodium phosphate extracts ranged from 7.80 ± 0.09 to 9.42 ± 0.19 mg/mL and those of the ammonium bicarbonate/urea reached 19.78 ± 0.16 to 37.47 ± 1.38 mg/mL. The total protein contents of the larvae according to the Kjeldahl method ranged from 44.0 and 49.9 g/100 g. The relative abundance of α-amylase, CLIP domain-containing serine protease, modular serine protease zymogen and C1 family cathepsin significantly decreased in the larvae, whereas dipeptidylpeptidase I and chymotrypsin increased within the first hours after feeding (p < 0.05). Trypsin content was found to be constant independently of time or feed material. Finally, based on the results we obtained, it was difficult to substantively draw conclusions on the likely effects of meal ATI composition on larval developmental characteristics, but their effects on the digestive enzyme expression remain relevant

Effectiveness of TNF-inhibitors, abatacept, IL6-inhibitors and JAK-inhibitors in 31 846 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in 19 registers from the 'JAK-pot' collaboration

Background JAK-inhibitors (JAKi), recently approved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have changed the landscape of treatment choices. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of four current second-line therapies of RA with different modes of action, since JAKi approval, in an international collaboration of 19 registers. Methods In this observational cohort study, patients initiating tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), interleukin-6 inhibitors (IL-6i), abatacept (ABA) or JAKi were included. We compared the effectiveness of these treatments in terms of drug discontinuation and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) response rates at 1 year. Analyses were adjusted for patient, disease and treatment characteristics, including lines of therapy and accounted for competing risk. Results We included 31 846 treatment courses: 17 522 TNFi, 2775 ABA, 3863 IL-6i and 7686 JAKi. Adjusted analyses of overall discontinuation were similar across all treatments. The main single reason of stopping treatment was ineffectiveness. Compared with TNFi, JAKi were less often discontinued for ineffectiveness (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.75, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.83), as was IL-6i (aHR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.85) and more often for adverse events (aHR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.33). Adjusted CDAI response rates at 1 year were similar between TNFi, JAKi and IL-6i and slightly lower for ABA. Conclusion The adjusted overall drug discontinuation and 1 year response rates of JAKi and IL-6i were similar to those observed with TNFi. Compared with TNFi, JAKi were more often discontinued for adverse events and less for ineffectiveness, as were IL-6i.Peer reviewe

Risk-based prioritization of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment in Iraq

Numerous studies have demonstrated the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment, raising concerns about their impact on non-target organisms or human health. One region where little is known about the exposure and effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment is Iraq. Due to the high number of pharmaceuticals used by the public health sector in Iraq (hospitals and care centres) and distributed over the counter, there is a need for a systematic approach for identifying substances that should be monitored in the environment in Iraq and assessed in terms of environmental risk. In this study, a risk-based prioritization approach was applied to 99 of the most dispensed pharmaceuticals in three Iraqi cities, Baghdad, Mosul and Basrah. Initially, information on the amounts of pharmaceuticals used in Iraq was obtained. The top used medicines were found to be paracetamol, amoxicillin and metformin with total annual consumption exceeding 1000 tonnes per year. Predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) and predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs), derived from ecotoxicological end-points and effects related to the therapeutic mode of action, were then used to rank the pharmaceuticals in terms of risks to different environmental compartments. Active pharmaceutical ingredients used as antibiotics, antidepressants and analgesics were identified as the highest priority in surface water, sediment and the terrestrial environment. Antibiotics were also prioritized according to their susceptibility to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria or to accelerate the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes in water. Future work will focus on understanding the occurrence, fate and effects of some of highly prioritized substances in the environment