Exploring Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Risk Factors

Body dissatisfaction, social appearance anxiety, and thinness and restricting expectancies are well-established risk factors for eating disorder pathology. Little research has examined the differences in said risk factors by gender. Gender-based research has been further limited by only looking at cisgender identities (e.g., cisgender women and men). Understanding this relationship between gender and these factors can be an important consideration for the greater sociocultural factors that affect our society and eating disorders, and therefore should also influence our treatment of them. Current study examined differences in social appearance anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and thinness and restricting expectancies upon college-aged students (N = 2719). Study used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare means in TREI, SAAS, and EPSI body dissatisfaction across gender identities. Also conducted post-hoc analyses with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison. There were significant differences across gender identities in TREI, EPSI, and SAAS (ps \u3c .001). Overall, cis men demonstrate lower levels of body dissatisfaction, social appearance anxiety, and thinness and restricting expectancies as compared to cis women and trans individuals. Trans individuals demonstrate elevated scores on risk factors as compared to cis men and cis women except on SAAS. Suggest that cis women and trans individuals experience similar levels of heightened anxiety around appearance-based judgment

Body Trust Moderates the Relationship between Physical & Emotional Awareness & Eating Disorders in Adolescents

Eating disorders (EDs) have a complex relationship with interoceptive awareness (i.e., awareness of inner bodily sensations; IA). Research suggests that physical hyper-awareness and tendency to distract from bodily sensations are positively associated with ED symptoms, and body trust (i.e., experiencing one’s body as safe and trustworthy) is negatively associated with ED symptoms (Lattimore et al, 2017; Merwin et al, 2010; Duffy et al, 2020). While physical awareness (PA) and emotional awareness (EA) have been shown in nonclinical samples to be beneficial for affect regulation, similar facets of IA are associated with higher symptomatology in ED samples (Price & Hooven 2018). As such, PA/EA may not be associated with ED symptoms independently, but rather may interact with the need to distract or lack of trust in one’s body to increase ED symptoms. The current study aims to elucidate whether body trust and tendencies towards distraction moderate the relationships between physical/emotional awareness and ED symptoms. Adolescent girls (N=357) completed self-reported ED and IA measures. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that PA, distraction, and body trust were all uniquely and positively associated with ED symptoms (psp=.125). Body trust moderated the relationship between both PA/EA and ED symptoms (ps=.001, -.049), such that lower body trust was associated with a stronger association between PA/EA and ED symptoms. However, distraction did not moderate the relationship between PA or EA and ED symptoms (ps\u3e.288). These findings suggest that while both distraction and body trust are significantly correlated with ED symptoms, only body trust moderates the relationship between emotional/physical awareness and ED symptoms. Understanding these relationships may aid in the creation of treatment interventions for adolescents with EDs

Emotion Regulation Tendencies Moderate Momentary Associations Between Sadness, Binge Urges, and Overeating

Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are notably adverse, and previous research emphasizes that analysis of momentary triggers may be useful in determining the factors that maintain ED psychopathology. Negative affect (NA) is one momentary trigger of special interest in regard to binge eating tendencies. While current literature differs on the precise mechanisms by which NA maintains ED psychopathology, emotional regulation has been nevertheless implicated in encouraging binge eating behaviors. The present study explores correlations among sadness, binge urges, and overeating, and assesses emotional avoidance and emotional awareness as potential moderators of these relationships. Method: Participants (N = 34) with moderate to severe depression were recruited from across the United States. Participants completed baseline measures at onset followed by four ecological momentary assessments per day sent to their mobile phones for 20 days. The relationships among sadness, binge urges, and overeating were tested through multilevel modeling in R. Results: Within- and between-person sadness levels were each significantly associated with momentary urges to binge eat and overeating. Emotional awareness was nonsignificant, while emotional avoidance emerged as a significant moderator of these relationships. Discussion: These findings provide support for the affect regulation model of binge eating and for the escape theory, centralizing the role of sadness in maintenance of binge eating psychopathology. Targeting emotional avoidance and testing exposure to aversive emotions should be considered for their efficacy in treatment. Future research should assess these relationships in the ED population and more extensively analyze the interactions between NA and emotional avoidance

Temporal shifts in ostracode sexual dimorphism from the Late Cretaceous to the late Eocene of the U.S. Coastal Plain

Ostracodes of the superfamily Cytheroidea exhibit sexual dimorphism in the carapace such that males are more elongate than females. This sex difference is attributed to the need of the carapace to accommodate the large male copulatory apparatus, and the degree of dimorphism is an indication of male investment in reproduction. In this study, we examine trends in sexual dimorphism, as a proxy for sexual selection, from the Late Cretaceous to the late Eocene to better understand the long-term effects of the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction. We used mixture models to identify sex clusters from digitized outlines of photographed specimens and estimated size and shape dimorphism as the difference in the mean log area and the mean log length-to-height ratio for male and female clusters. We found dimorphism exhibits a phylogenetic signal; families and genera tend to occupy various restricted subsets of dimorphism space. Previous work documented that the mean and variance in size and shape dimorphism decreased sharply at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, and here we show that this fauna only partially returns to Cretaceous dimorphism patterns by the late Eocene. Most surprisingly, species with both high size and shape dimorphism, which occurred in a diverse set of taxa before the extinction, remain rare into the late Eocene. These trends suggest sexual selection may respond to several possible demographic and environmental factors, which warrant further investigation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Towards a Systematic Study of Values in SE:Tools for Industry and Education

This paper reports on the development of ongoing research into the systematic study of human values in software engineering (SE). Firstly, we outline the rationale for this work, highlighting the significance of human values in SE and the need for both a more structured approach to their study and tools to support their articulation in the SE domain. We then explain our theoretical framework, which draws on social psychology research on values. Secondly, we introduce tools designed in line with this framework and the context of their use so far. Our tools adopt a variety of research methods, including structured mixed-method techniques, such as the ‘Values Q-Sort’ (V-QS), and more open design-based methods, such as the ‘Values Probes’. Given the multi-faceted nature of the topic, we argue that a combination of qualitative, quantitative and design thinking techniques is a necessary step for the study of human values in SE; and that these methods should be both a) robust and replicable, and b) creative and provocative. Finally, we highlight the potential applications of our tools in SE industry and education

A lithostratigraphical and chronological study of Oligocene-Miocene sequences on eastern King George Island, South Shetland Islands (Antarctica) and correlation of glacial episodes with global isotope events

King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula) is renowned for its terrestrial palaeoenvironmental record, which includes evidence for potentially up to four Cenozoic glacial periods. An advantage of the glacigenic outcrops on the island is that they are associated with volcanic formations that can be isotopically dated. As a result of a new mapping and chronological study, it can now be shown that the published stratigraphy and ages of many geological units on eastern King George Island require major revision. The Polonez Glaciation is dated as c. 26.64 ± 1.43 Ma (Late Oligocene (Chattian Stage)) and includes the outcrops previously considered as evidence for an Eocene glacial ('Krakow Glaciation'). It was succeeded by two important volcanic episodes (Boy Point and Cinder Spur formations) formed during a relatively brief interval (< 2 Ma), which also erupted within the Oligocene Chattian Stage. The Melville Glaciation is dated as c. 21–22 Ma (probably 21.8 Ma; Early Miocene (Aquitanian Stage)), and the Legru Glaciation is probably ≤ c. 10 Ma (Late Miocene or younger). As a result of this study, the Polonez and Melville glaciations can now be correlated with increased confidence with the Oi2b and Mi1a isotope zones, respectively, and thus represent major glacial episodes

Advancing the Study of Human Values in Software Engineering

This paper makes the case for the study of human values in Software Engineering (SE) as a highly important emerging area of research with significant societal implications. We offer two key principles in order to advance this research agenda: firstly, the significance of values as distinguished from, though connected to, ethics; and secondly, the need for clear theoretical frameworks for values study. We provide the emerging findings from an initial study (N=12 participants) using a Values Q-Sort tool that was designed in accordance with these two principles. We conclude with discussion around lessons learnt, ongoing challenges, and future directions

Morphology of the 12-micron Seyfert Galaxies: I. Hubble Types, Axial Ratios, Bars, and Rings

We have compared the morphological characteristics of the 891 galaxies in the Extended 12-micron Sample (E12GS), and assessed the effect of the 12-micron selection criterion on galaxy properties. The normal spirals in the E12GS have the same axial ratios, morphological types, and bar and ring fractions as other normal spirals. The HII/starburst galaxies have a higher incidence of bars, and more than twice the normal rate of "peculiar" morphologies, both of which are attributable to relatively recent disturbances. The galaxies with active nuclei (AGNs: Seyferts and LINERs) have the same incidence of bars as normal spirals, but show rings significantly more often than normal galaxies or starbursts. The LINERs have elevated rates of inner rings, while the Seyferts have outer ring fractions several times those in normal galaxies. The different formation times of bars and rings suggest an interpretation of these differences. Bars form relatively quickly, and indicate that material is recently being transported (by redistribution of angular momentum) to the center of the galaxy, where it is likely to trigger a short (e.g., $\lesssim 10^8$ yrs) burst of star formation. Outer rings may result from similar disturbances, but require much more time to form, while inner rings form in a shorter time, more comparable to bars. Thus it may be that after an interaction or instability triggers an infall of gas, the galaxy in the earliest stage is likely to show enhanced star formation in its center, while later it is more likely to show LINER activity, and still later likely to be a Seyfert.Comment: 21 pages, including 8 postscript figures; uses aas2pp4.sty. To appear in Ap. J., May 10, 199

The infrared compactness-temperature relation for quiescent and starburst galaxies

IRAS observations show the existence of a correlation between the infrared luminosity Lir and dust temperature Td in star-forming galaxies, in which larger Lir leads to higher dust temperature. The Lir-Td relation is commonly seen as reflecting the increase in dust temperature in galaxies with higher star formation rate. Even though the correlation shows a significant amount of dispersion, a unique relation has been commonly used to construct spectral energy distributions of galaxies in distant universe studies, such as source number counting or photometric redshift determination. In this work, we introduce a new parameter, namely the size of the star-forming region Rir and lay out the empirical and modelled relation between the global parameters Lir, Td and Rir of IR-bright non-AGN galaxies. IRAS 60-to-100um color is used as a proxy for the dust temperature and the 1.4GHz radio contiuum emission for the infrared spatial distribution. The analysis has been carried out on two samples. The first one is made of the galaxies from the 60um flux-limited IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Samples which have a reliable RC size estimate from the VLA follow-ups of the IRAS Bright Galaxy Samples. The second is made of the sources from the 170um ISOPHOT Serendipity Sky Survey which are resolved by the NVSS or FIRST surveys. We show that the dispersion in the Lir-Td diagram can be reduced to a relation between the infrared surface brightness and the dust temperature, a relation that spans 5 orders of magnitude in surface brightness. We explored the physical processes giving rise to the Sir-Td relation, and show that it can be derived from the Schmidt law, which relates the star formation rate to the gas surface density.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Plugging a hole and lightening the burden: A process evaluation of a practice education team

Aim: To investigate the perceptions of clinical and senior managers about the role of Practice Educators employed in one acute hospital in the UK. Background: Producing nurses who are fit for practice, purpose and academic award is a key issue for nurse education partnership providers in the UK. Various new models for practice learning support structures and new roles within health care institutions have been established. To sustain funding and policy support for these models, there is a need for evaluation research. Design: A process evaluation methodology was employed to determine the current value of a practice education team and to provide information to guide future direction. Methods: Data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews using a previously designed schedule. All senior nurse managers (N=5) and a purposive sample of clinical managers (n=13) who had personal experience of and perceptions about the role of practice educators provided the data. Interview notes were transcribed, coded and a thematic framework devised to present the results. Results: A number of key themes emerged including: qualities needed for being a successful practice educator; visibility and presence of practice educators; providing a link with the university; ‘plugging a hole’ in supporting learning needs; providing relief to practitioners in dealing with ‘the burden of students’; alleviating the ‘plight of students’; and effects on student attrition. Conclusions: Findings provided evidence for the continued funding of the practice educator role with improvements to be made in dealing with stakeholder expectations and outcomes. Relevance to clinical practice: In the UK, there still remain concerns about the fitness for practice of newly registered nurses, prompting a recent national consultation by the professional regulating body. Despite fiscal pressures, recommendations for further strengthening of all systems that will support the quality of practice learning may continue to sustain practice learning support roles