El largo instante de la percepción: los años setenta y el crepúsculo del arte en Colombia

Esta investigación está compuesta por cuatro partes. En la primera, se traza un panorama general de los años setenta, el cual revela una amplísima gama de problemas que confirma su interés, pero al tiempo muestra una tal heterogeneidad que por momentos hace dudar de la posibilidad de trazar una imagen coherente. De este aná­lisis se van desprendiendo una serie de coincidencias en la diversidad de las manifestaciones, líneas de fuerza que apuntan hacia una teoría: el crepúsculo del arte. La segunda parte, entonces, reseña esta teoría que, a la manera de un lente, se aplicará sobre el panorama antes descrito. La imagen resultante es la tercera parte, signos, compuesta de seis ensayos que se refieren a cuatro artistas - Luis Caballero, Santiago Cárdenas, Beatriz González y Miguel Angel Rojas - y a tres ámbitos de la mirada: el sagrado, el arquitectónico y el fotográfico. Finalmente, aparece una cuarta parte: al rescate de la mirada, y una brevísima conclusión, tautologías.Maestrí

Diferencias en el clima motivacional en el aula: causas, efectos e implicaciones para la formación docente. Un es-tudio multinivel

Research on classroom motivational climate (CMC) has shown significant differences between classrooms in CMC. However, it is not known whether teachers’ motivational knowledge, and goals and expectancies related to their students contribute to such differences, and consequently, on the effects of CMC on students. For answering this question, a multilevel model of the relationships among a) teachers’ knowledge and motivational characteristics, b) students’ goals and expectancies (SGE), c) perceived CMC, and d) students’ attribution of perceived motivational improvement to teachers (APMIT) was tested using structural equation methods. A total of 2.223 Secondary and High-School students and their 95 teachers participated in the study. Results showed that teachers’ motivational quality (TMQ) has a significant indirect effect on differences between classrooms in CMC, and on the students’ attribution of perceived improvement in motivational variables to teachers, but also that teachers’ characteristics differ in their contribution to TMQ, and so, to CMC

On the nature of motivational orientations: implications of assessed goals and gender differences for motivational goal theory

In a historical revision of the achievement goal construct, Elliot (2005) recognized that there is little consensus on whether the term “goal” in “achievement goal orientations” (GO) is best represented as an “aim”, as an overarching orientation encompassing several “aims”, or as a combination of aims and other processes -self-regulation, etc.-. Elliot pointed also that goal theory research provides evidence for different models of GO. As there were no consensus on these issues, we decided to get evidence about the nature and structure of GO, about the role of gender differences in the configuration of such structure, and about relations between GO, expectancies, volitional processes and achievement. A total of 382 university students from different faculties of two public universities of Madrid (Spain) that voluntarily accepted to fill in a questionnaire that assessed different goals, expectancies and self-regulatory processes participated in the study. Scales reliability, confirmatory factor analyses, multiple-group analyses, and correlation and regression analyses were carried out. Results support the trichotomous model of GO, the consideration of GO as a combination of aims and other psychological processes, showed some gender differences and favour the adoption of a multiple goal perspective for explaining students’ motivationThis research was supported by the grant of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, SEJ2005-0099

Desarrollo y validación del Cuestionario de Clima Escolar para Profesores de Secundaria y Bachillerato (CES-PSB)

The present study focuses on the development and initial validation of a measure of school climate based on teachers’ perceptions. The measure was developed to integrate those aspects of the school climate highlighted in the existing literature and that proved relevant for teachers’ efficacy, including the school goal structure. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on a sample of 581 high school teachers. Results showed that a seven-correlated factor structure better represented the data, in comparison with a second-order model and a bifactor model. Structural equation modeling techniques provided evidence of the concurrent validity through correlations with a criterion measure of teacher job satisfaction. School goal structure proved to be an important aspect of school climate substantially related to other school climate factors such as school management quality and relationships among teachers. These findings provided some empirical support for the use of the questionnaire in schools, especially for those interested in articulating interventions aimed at improving the learning environment through the seven school climate dimensions addressed.El presente estudio se centra en el desarrollo y validación inicial de una medida del clima escolar basada en las percepciones de los profesores. La medida fue desarrollada para integrar aquellos aspectos del clima escolar destacados en la literatura existente, incluyendo la estructura de metas escolar. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios con una muestra de 581 profesores de secundaria y bachillerato. El uso de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales proporcionó evidencia sobre la validez concurrente a través de correlaciones con una medida criterio sobre la satisfacción laboral de los profesores. La estructura de metas escolar demostró ser un aspecto relevante del clima escolar relacionado sustancialmente con otros factores del clima escolar tales como la calidad del liderazgo y de las relaciones entre profesores. Estos resultados proporcionaron cierto apoyo empírico para el uso del cuestionario propuesto entre las escuelas, especialmente en aquellas interesadas en articular intervenciones encaminadas a mejorar el entorno de aprendizaje a través de las siete dimensiones del clima escolar abordadas

Trazabilidad de la señal isotópica del oxígeno desde la lluvia a los espeleotemas en las cuevas de Ortigosa de Cameros (La Rioja, España)

[EN] A one-year monitoring survey has been carried out in La Paz and La Viña Caves in the Ortigosa de Cameros Cave System (NE Iberian Peninsula), in order to track the oxygen isotope signal from rainfall to speleothem calcite, assessing the ability of this signal to retain environmental information. Oxygen isotope signals of rainfall events, drip water —sampled every three months—, and speleothem calcite, precipitated over three-months, are compared. Water dripping follows precipitation events in winter, spring and summer, more closely in the near-surface drip points than in the deeper ones. In autumn, dripping is delayed with respect to rainfall, suggesting that water stays in the epikarst before dripping resumes after summer. This delay causes a deviation of the total drip water signal (average δ18O=−8.39‰ V-SMOW) from the rainfall signal (average δ18O=−7.41‰ V-SMOW). On the contrary, in winter the isotopic signal of drip water keeps the rainfall signal. Calcite isotopic signal (total average δ18O=−6.83‰ V-PDB) shows a small offset (0.62–0.75%) with respect to the signal predicted by drip water oxygen composition; this points to a limited kinetic effect in calcite precipitation, therefore calcite retains the signal of rainfall, especially in winter.[ES] Durante un año se han monitorizado las cuevas de La Paz y La Viña en el Sistema de Cuevas de Ortigosa de Cameros (NE de la Península Ibérica) para rastrear la señal isotópica del oxígeno desde la lluvia a la calcita espeleotémica, y así valorar la capacidad de esta señal para conservar información medioambiental. Se han comparado las señales isotópicas del oxígeno de los eventos de la lluvia, el agua de goteo (muestreada trimestralmente) y la calcita espeleotémica, precipitada también durante cada trimestre. El goteo en las cuevas responde a la precipitación en invierno, primavera y verano, más estrechamente en los puntos más próximos a la superficie que en los profundos. En otoño hay un retraso entre la lluvia y el goteo, lo que sugiere que el agua permanece por un tiempo en el epikarst, antes de que se reanude el goteo después del verano. Este retraso provoca que la señal isotópica del agua de goteo (media total de δ18O=−8.39‰ V-SMOW) se desvíe de la señal de la lluvia (media de δ18O=−7,41‰ V-SMOW). Por el contrario, en invierno la señal isotópica del agua de goteo es muy semejante a la de la lluvia. La composición isotópica de la calcita espeleotémica (media total de δ18O=−6,83‰ V-PDB) presenta un pequeño desfase (0,62–0,75%) respecto al valor que le correspondería por la composición isotópica del agua de goteo; esto indica que los efectos cinéticos durante la precipitación de la calcita son limitados, por lo que ésta conserva la señal de la lluvia, especialmente en invierno.This study was mainly funded by the CGL2009-10455/BTE research project of the Ministry of Science and Innovation and FEDER and the Análisis de Cuencas Sedimentarias Continentales, Geotransfer, PaleoQ y Gemorfología y Cambio Global research groups of the Aragón Government. We are most grateful to Ma Angeles, Sara y Juan for their invaluable help. We also thank to the Ortigosa de Cameros town hall for the cave access. The Government of La Rioja is acknowledged by the meteorological data from Villoslada de Cameros station. We are indebted to the referees for their valuable comments.Peer reviewe

Risk Factors for Relapse in People with Severe Mental Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Background: Evidence suggests that different variables associated with the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the risk of relapse in people with Severe Mental Disorders (SMDs). However, no studies have yet looked closely at the different risk factors involved to determine their influence on the worsening of these patients’ illnesses. Objective: To analyze which variables related to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the risk of relapse in patients with SMDs. Method: A multicenter retrospective cohort study in which data were collected from 270 patients with mental disorders who had been under follow-up in day hospitals during the year 2020. Results: The proportion of full mental health inpatient admissions was significantly higher in those who lost their employment (40.7% vs. 18.1%; p = 0.01), in those who were not receiving psychotherapy interventions (33.9% vs. 16.6%; p = 0.006), and in those who were not receiving occupational therapy (25.7% vs. 13.6%: p = 0.013). Significant associations were detected between urgent mental health consultations, the number of COVID-19 symptoms (B = 0.274; p = 0.02), and the low-income group (1.2424 vs. 0.4583; p = 0.018). Conclusions: COVID-19 symptoms and certain consequences of the pandemic, such as loss of employment, economic hardship, and loss of interventions, have brought about clinical worsening in people with SMDs. Knowledge of these factors is important for health-related decision-making in future outbreaks or pandemics

Effects of nitrate contamination and seasonal variation on the denitrification and greenhouse gas production in La Rocina stream (Doñana National Park, SW Spain)

Climatic influence (global warming and decreased rainfall) could lead to an increase in the ecological and toxicological effects of the pollution in aquatic ecosystems, especially contamination from agricultural nitrate (NO3 −) fertilizers. Physicochemical properties of the surface waters and sediments of four selected sites varying in NO3 − concentration along La Rocina Stream, which feeds Marisma del Rocio in Do˜nana National Park (South West, Spain), were studied. Electrical conductivity, pH, content in macro and microelements, total organic carbon and nitrogen, and dissolved carbon and nitrogen were affected by each sampling site and sampling time. Contaminant NO3 − in surface water at the site with the highest NO3 − concentration (ranged in 61.6–106.6mgL−1) was of inorganic origin, most probably from chemical fertilizers, as determined chemically (90% of the total dissolved nitrogen from NO3 −) and by isotopic analysis of ı15N-NO3 −. Changes in seasonal weather conditions and hydrological effects at the sampling sites were also responsible for variations in some biological activities (dehydrogenase, -glucosidase, arylsulphatase, acid phosphatase and urease) in sediments, as well as in the production of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O. Both organic matter and NO3 − contents influenced rates of gas production. Increased NO3 − concentration also resulted in enhanced levels of potential denitrification measured as N2O production. The denitrification process was affected by NO3 − contamination and the rainfall regimen, increasing the greenhouse gases emissions (CO2, CH4 and especially N2O) during the driest season in all sampling sites studied.This work was supported by grants CGL2006-06870 and CTM2009-1473-C02-02 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) and RNM-4746 from Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía (Spain), all of them co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Support of Junta de Andalucía to Research Group BIO-275 is also acknowledged. D. David Correa thanks Ministerio de Educación for predoctoral grant AP2007-03967.Peer reviewe

Teachers' digital competences in higher education in Portugal and Spain

The potential of DTIC has brought new and emerging challenges to teachers, making it essential to acquire digital competences, especially in virtual learning environments and online technologies. In this sense, based on the DigCompEdu CheckIn self-assessment questionnaire, validated for the Portuguese population by earlier studies, this research aims to identify the most fragile and robust areas of digital competences of Portuguese and Spanish university teachers. The quantitative methodological approach emphasizes teachers' perception of their digital competences in three dimensions: teachers' professional competences, teachers' pedagogical competences and students' competences and involved 347 teachers from Portugal and Spain. The results show that teachers of the two institutions have an overall moderate level of digital proficiency-level B1 and B2-and that the differences encountered between Portuguese and Spanish teachers (for example, Portuguese teachers have level A2 in area 4-assessment-, while Spanish teachers are already at level B2) highlight the need to invest in specific training that may address specific frailties, and therefore allow for the promotion of their digital competences. Results relating to teaching experience and age show that there is no direct relation between either factor or being digitally competent. Regarding gender, results reveal that men had slightly better results than women. Overall, what the results show is the need for teachers to increase the level of digital competence through specific training, prepared according to the specificities of each institution, and the importance of developing public policies that prepare teachers for a more digital education

Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of allergen-specific immunotherapy with the major allergen Alt a1

Background: There have been fewstudies conducted on the efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy with allergen extracts of fungi compared with other allergen extracts, and there are no data on the major allergen Alt a 1 of the fungus Alternaria alternata. Objectives: We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy with 2 different doses of Alt a 1 in patients with rhinoconjunctivitis caused by sensitization to A alternata. Method: We performed a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial with Alt a 1 administered subcutaneously in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with or without controlled asthma aged 12 to 65 years. Three groups were included: the placebo group and active groups receiving 0.2 or 0.37 mg of Alt a 1 per dose. The main end point was the combined symptom and medication score. Secondary end points were cutaneous reactivity and serum IgE and IgG4 levels to Alta 1. Recorded adverse reactions were graded according to World Allergy Organization criteria. Results: There were significant reductions in the combined symptom and medication score for the 0.37-mg dose of Alt a 1 compared with placebo at 12 months of treatment. Reduced cutaneous reactivity and IgE levels, together with increased IgG4 levels, were demonstrated for the 2 active groups versus the placebo group. A similar safety profile was found for both active groups compared with the placebo group. No serious adverse drug reactions were reported. Conclusion: Immunotherapy with Alt a 1 was efficacious and safe, reducing the symptoms and medication consumption associated with rhinoconjunctivitis after only 1 year of treatment. The clinical benefits were associated with reduced skin reactivity and specific IgE levels and increased IgG4 levels

Cáncer paratiroideo como causa de fractura y osteoporosis secundaria en el adulto mayor

Introducción. El carcinoma paratiroideo es infrecuente y más en población geriátrica, afecta el metabolismo óseo y es enmascarado por patologías comunes que causan fracturas de bajo impacto. Objetivo. Ilustrar el cáncer paratiroideo dentro del estudio de las fracturas patológicas y la osteoporosis secundaria, para favorecer el diagnóstico temprano en el adulto mayor. Presentación del caso. Mujer de 71 años con osteoporosis presentó fractura de fémur mientras caminaba. Se evidenció síndrome constitucional, anemia, nefrolitiasis y lesiones osteolíticas; se consideró metástasis óseas versus tumores pardos. Se descartaron neoplasias ginecológicas frecuentes y tumores de células plasmáticas. Estudios tomográficos mostraron nódulo pulmonar y nódulo tiroideo (4 cm), el perfil fosfocálcico indicó hiperparatiroidismo primario, gammagrafía paratiroidea Tc99 MIBI fue negativa. Previa dosis de zoledronato, se realizó exploración de paratiroides, hemitiroidectomía izquierda en bloque y paratiroidectomía superior derecha. Histología e inmunohistoquímica de masa cervical reportó carcinoma de paratiroides. Seguimiento posquirúrgico indicó paratohormona y calcio elevado, e imágenes con metástasis pulmonares. Discusión y conclusión. Las fracturas por osteoporosis son frecuentes, pero ante fracturas atípicas y/o puntaje Z?-2, se deben considerar causas tumorales, infecciosas y evaluación temprana del metabolismo fosfocálcico. El cáncer de paratiroides es más frecuente alrededor de los 50 años, pero puede presentarse a cualquier edad; en adultos mayores comparte características clínicas con entidades prevalentes como osteoporosis posmenopáusica, nefrolitiasis y nódulo tiroideo. El cáncer paratiroideo tiene un espectro clínico amplio y debe ser una posibilidad diagnóstica ante fracturas patológicas o hiperparatiroidismo grave, incluso en ausencia de lesión paratiroidea en un Tc99 MIBI o en presencia de patología tiroidea. El abordaje quirúrgico temprano es la mejor opción terapéutica, y el diagnóstico histológico debe apoyarse en inmunohistoquímica por falta de características citológicas específicas del cáncer paratiroideo