Atmospheric Deposition: Evaluation of Areal Mean Estimation Methods

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Evaluations of Illinois weather modification projects of 1976-1980: A summary

Cover title.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 31)

Temporal Distributions of Global Thunder Days

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

The Assessment of Statistical-physical Techniques for the Evaluation of Weather Modification Operations

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

An Envelope Disrupted by a Quadrupolar Outflow in the Pre-Planetary Nebula IRAS19475+3119

IRAS 19475+3119 is a quadrupolar pre-planetary nebula (PPN), with two bipolar lobes, one in the east-west (E-W) direction and one in the southeast-northwest (SE-NW) direction. We have observed it in CO J=2-1 with the Submillimeter Array at ~ 1" resolution. The E-W bipolar lobe is known to trace a bipolar outflow and it is detected at high velocity. The SE-NW bipolar lobe appears at low velocity, and could trace a bipolar outflow moving in the plane of the sky. Two compact clumps are seen at low velocity around the common waist of the two bipolar lobes, spatially coincident with the two emission peaks in the NIR, tracing dense envelope material. They are found to trace the two limb-brightened edges of a slowly expanding torus-like circumstellar envelope produced in the late AGB phase. This torus-like envelope originally could be either a torus or a spherical shell, and it appears as it is now because of the two pairs of cavities along the two bipolar lobes. Thus, the envelope appears to be disrupted by the two bipolar outflows in the PPN phase.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figure

Studies of Statistical Techniques to Evaluate Weather Modification

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Final Report on Operational Seeding Evaluation Techniques

This report serves two functions. First, it is the final report on NSF grant ENV77-01103. This covers an 18- month period of research of July 1977 through December 1978. It should be noted that although this is a final report to serve the foundation's requirements for the grant, the research is about at the mid-point of an originally planned 3-year research effort. The National Science Foundation chose to fund 9nly the first phase of the effort, 18 months, without a change in the 3-year research plan. Hence, the research reported on herein is not at a completion stage, but rather represents partially completed efforts . The second function of this report is to present commentary about OSET (Operational Seeding Evaluation Techniques) from the project's advisory panel. An integral part of the project was a multi-disciplinary advisory group who was to meet with project scientists annually to review and comment on the project. TI1e suggestions and comments of the 10-person group who met with us first in September 1977 have been summarized (Schickedanz et al., 1978). This report is a similar summary for a second meeting in September 1978. The first part of this report is an overview of the research. The next sectio~ discusses the research centered on the statistical techniques, the central focus of OSET. The second major section of this report addresses the meteorological research which has focused on covariates for use in operational project evaluation. A third section addresses the issue of developing operational criteria so that projects can be evaluated better. The final major part of the report presents the results of the 1978 advisory panel meeting. Panel responses to a set of major questions are listed along with other commentary.National Science Foundation NSF ENV77-01103Ope

Look, the World is Watching How We Treat Migrants! The Making of the Anti-Trafficking Legislation during the Ma Administration

Employing the spiral model, this research analyses how anti-human trafficking legislation was promulgated during the Ma Ying-jeou (Ma Yingjiu) presidency. This research found that the gov- ernment of Taiwan was just as accountable for the violation of mi- grants’ human rights as the exploitive placement agencies and abusive employers. This research argues that, given its reliance on the United States for political and security support, Taiwan has made great ef- forts to improve its human rights records and meet US standards for protecting human rights. The reform was a result of multilevel inputs, including US pressure and collaboration between transnational and domestic advocacy groups. A major contribution of this research is to challenge the belief that human rights protection is intrinsic to dem- ocracy. In the same light, this research also cautions against Taiwan’s subscription to US norms since the reform was achieved at the cost of stereotyping trafficking victimhood, legitimising state surveillance, and further marginalising sex workers

Episodic Accretion in Protostars -- An ALMA Survey of Molecular Jets in the Orion Molecular Cloud

Protostellar outflows and jets are almost ubiquitous characteristics during the mass accretion phase, and encode the history of stellar accretion, complex-organic molecule (COM) formation, and planet formation. Episodic jets are likely connected to episodic accretion through the disk. Despite the importance, there is a lack of studies of a statistically significant sample of protostars via high-sensitivity and high-resolution observations. To explore episodic accretion mechanisms and the chronologies of episodic events, we investigated 42 fields containing protostars with ALMA observations of CO, SiO, and 1.3\,mm continuum emission. We detected SiO emission in 21 fields, where 19 sources are driving confirmed molecular jets with high abundances of SiO. Jet velocities, mass-loss rates, mass-accretion rates, and periods of accretion events are found to be dependent on the driving forces of the jet (e.g., bolometric luminosity, envelope mass). Next, velocities and mass-loss rates are positively correlated with the surrounding envelope mass, suggesting that the presence of high mass around protostars increases the ejection-accretion activity. We determine mean periods of ejection events of 20$-$175 years for our sample, which could be associated with perturbation zones of $\sim$ 2$-$25\,au extent around the protostars. Also, mean ejection periods are anti-correlated with the envelope mass, where high-accretion rates may trigger more frequent ejection events. The observed periods of outburst/ejection are much shorter than the freeze-out time scale of the simplest COMs like CH$_3$OH, suggesting that episodic events largely maintain the ice-gas balance inside and around the snowline.Comment: Submitted to Journal; 27 pages, 15 Figures and additional Appendix materia

ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP) : Density Structure of Centrally Concentrated Prestellar Cores from Multiscale Observations

Starless cores represent the initial stage of evolution toward (proto)star formation, and a subset of them, known as prestellar cores, with high density (similar to 10(6) cm(-3) or higher) and being centrally concentrated are expected to be embryos of (proto)stars. Determining the density profile of prestellar cores therefore provides an important opportunity to gauge the initial conditions of star formation. In this work, we perform rigorous modeling to estimate the density profiles of three nearly spherical prestellar cores among a sample of five highly dense cores detected by our recent observations. We employed multiscale observational data of the (sub)millimeter dust continuum emission, including those obtained by SCUBA-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope with a resolution of similar to 5600 au and by multiple Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations with a resolution as high as similar to 480 au. We are able to consistently reproduce the observed multiscale dust continuum images of the cores with a simple prescribed density profile, which bears an inner region of flat density and an r (-2) profile toward the outer region. By utilizing the peak density and the size of the inner flat region as a proxy for the dynamical stage of the cores, we find that the three modeled cores are most likely unstable and prone to collapse. The sizes of the inner flat regions, as compact as similar to 500 au, signify them as being the highly evolved prestellar cores rarely found to date.Peer reviewe