4,851 research outputs found
A General SU(2) Formulation for Quantum Searching with Certainty
A general quantum search algorithm with arbitrary unitary transformations and
an arbitrary initial state is considered in this work. To serach a marked state
with certainty, we have derived, using an SU(2) representation: (1) the
matching condition relating the phase rotations in the algorithm, (2) a concise
formula for evaluating the required number of iterations for the search, and
(3) the final state after the search, with a phase angle in its amplitude of
unity modulus. Moreover, the optimal choices and modifications of the phase
angles in the Grover kernel is also studied.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure
Anisotropic softening of collective charge modes in the vicinity of critical doping in a doped Mott insulator
Momentum resolved inelastic resonant x-ray scattering is used to map the
evolution of charge excitations over a large range of energies, momenta and
doping levels in the electron doped Mott insulator class
NdCeCuO. As the doping induced AFM-SC
(antiferromagnetic-superconducting) transition is approached, we observe an
anisotropic softening of collective charge modes over a large energy scale
along the Gamma to (\pi,\pi)-direction, whereas the modes exhibit broadening
( 1 eV) with relatively little softening along Gamma to (\pi,0) with
respect to the parent Mott insulator (x=0). Our study indicates a systematic
collapse of the gap consistent with the scenario that the system dopes
uniformly with electrons even though the softening of the modes involves an
unusually large energy scale.Comment: 5 pages + 5 Figure
Divergence and Shannon information in genomes
Shannon information (SI) and its special case, divergence, are defined for a
DNA sequence in terms of probabilities of chemical words in the sequence and
are computed for a set of complete genomes highly diverse in length and
composition. We find the following: SI (but not divergence) is inversely
proportional to sequence length for a random sequence but is length-independent
for genomes; the genomic SI is always greater and, for shorter words and longer
sequences, hundreds to thousands times greater than the SI in a random sequence
whose length and composition match those of the genome; genomic SIs appear to
have word-length dependent universal values. The universality is inferred to be
an evolution footprint of a universal mode for genome growth.Comment: 4 pages, 3 tables, 2 figure
Evolution of Group Galaxies from the First Red-Sequence Cluster Survey
We study the evolution of the red galaxy fraction (f_red) in 905 galaxy
groups with 0.15 < z < 0.52. The galaxy groups are identified by the
`probability Friends-of-Friends' algorithm from the first Red-Sequence Cluster
Survey (RCS1) photometric-redshift sample. There is a high degree of uniformity
in the properties of the red-sequence of the group galaxies, indicating that
the luminous red-sequence galaxies in the groups are already in place by z~0.5
and that they have a formation epoch of z>2. In general, groups at lower
redshifts exhibit larger f_red than those at higher redshifts, showing a group
Butcher-Oemler effect. We investigate the evolution of f_red by examining its
dependence on four parameters, which can be classified as one intrinsic and
three environmental: galaxy stellar mass (M_*), total group stellar
mass(M_{*,grp}, a proxy for group halo mass), normalized group-centric radius
(r_grp), and local galaxy density (Sigma_5). We find that M_* is the dominant
parameter such that there is a strong correlation between f_red and galaxy
stellar mass. Furthermore, the dependence of f_red on the environmental
parameters is also a strong function of M_*. Massive galaxies (M_* > 10^11
M_sun) show little dependence of f_red on r_grp, M_{*,grp}, and Sigma_5 over
the redshift range. The dependence of f_red on these parameters is primarily
seen for galaxies with lower masses, especially for M_* < 10^{10.6} M_{sun}. We
observe an apparent `group down-sizing' effect, in that galaxies in lower-mass
halos, after controlling for galaxy stellar mass, have lower f_red. We find a
dependence of \fred on both \rgrp and \SigmaF after the other parameters are
controlled. At a fixed \rgrp, there is a significant dependence of f_red on
Sigma_5, while r_grp gradients of f_red are seen for galaxies in similar
Sigma_5 regions. This indicates .....Comment: ApJ accepte
A General Phase Matching Condition for Quantum Searching Algorithm
A general consideration on the phase rotations in quantum searching algorithm
is taken in this work. As four phase rotations on the initial state, the marked
states, and the states orthogonal to them are taken account, we deduce a phase
matching condition for a successful search. The optimal options for these phase
are obtained consequently.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure
Geometric and Statistical Properties of the Mean-Field HP Model, the LS Model and Real Protein Sequences
Lattice models, for their coarse-grained nature, are best suited for the
study of the ``designability problem'', the phenomenon in which most of the
about 16,000 proteins of known structure have their native conformations
concentrated in a relatively small number of about 500 topological classes of
conformations. Here it is shown that on a lattice the most highly designable
simulated protein structures are those that have the largest number of
surface-core switchbacks. A combination of physical, mathematical and
biological reasons that causes the phenomenon is given. By comparing the most
foldable model peptides with protein sequences in the Protein Data Bank, it is
shown that whereas different models may yield similar designabilities,
predicted foldable peptides will simulate natural proteins only when the model
incorporates the correct physics and biology, in this case if the main folding
force arises from the differing hydrophobicity of the residues, but does not
originate, say, from the steric hindrance effect caused by the differing sizes
of the residues.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure
Mean-Field HP Model, Designability and Alpha-Helices in Protein Structures
Analysis of the geometric properties of a mean-field HP model on a square
lattice for protein structure shows that structures with large number of switch
backs between surface and core sites are chosen favorably by peptides as unique
ground states. Global comparison of model (binary) peptide sequences with
concatenated (binary) protein sequences listed in the Protein Data Bank and the
Dali Domain Dictionary indicates that the highest correlation occurs between
model peptides choosing the favored structures and those portions of protein
sequences containing alpha-helices.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue–resident Foxp3+ T lymphocytes prevent antibody-mediated lung rejection
The space group classification of topological band insulators
Topological band insulators (TBIs) are bulk insulating materials which
feature topologically protected metallic states on their boundary. The existing
classification departs from time-reversal symmetry, but the role of the crystal
lattice symmetries in the physics of these topological states remained elusive.
Here we provide the classification of TBIs protected not only by time-reversal,
but also by crystalline symmetries. We find three broad classes of topological
states: (a) Gamma-states robust against general time-reversal invariant
perturbations; (b) Translationally-active states protected from elastic
scattering, but susceptible to topological crystalline disorder; (c) Valley
topological insulators sensitive to the effects of non-topological and
crystalline disorder. These three classes give rise to 18 different
two-dimensional, and, at least 70 three-dimensional TBIs, opening up a route
for the systematic search for new types of TBIs.Comment: Accepted in Nature Physic
A coupled optical-thermal-electrical model to predict the performance of hybrid PV/T-CCPC roof-top systems
A crossed compound parabolic concentrator (CCPC) is applied into a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hybrid solar collector, i.e. concentrating PV/T (CPV/T) collector, to develop new hybrid roof-top CPV/T systems. However, to optimise the system configuration and operational parameters as well as to predict their performances, a coupled optical, thermal and electrical model is essential. We establish this model by integrating a number of submodels sourced from literature as well as from our recent work on incidence-dependent optical efficiency, six-parameter electrical model and scaling law for outdoor conditions. With the model, electrical performance and cell temperature are predicted on specific days for the roof-top systems installed in Glasgow, Penryn and Jaen. Results obtained by the proposed model reasonably agree with monitored data and it is also clarified that the systems operate under off-optimal operating condition. Long-term electric performance of the CPV/T systems is estimated as well. In addition, effects of transient terms in heat transfer and diffuse solar irradiance on electric energy are identified and discussed
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