The Investigation of the protective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) in spermatogenesis of rat after exposure of Wi-Fi radiation

Male infertility is a distressingly common condition affecting about 1 in 20 of the male population. In a majority of the cases, the male partner produces sufficient numbers of spermatozoa to achieve fertilization but there are functional defects in these cells that prevent conception from occurring. In this study, the effects of Wi-Fi radiation on spermatogenesis, testes and testosterone of large white male rats were studied, and also hydro alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn fruit were used as a protective agent against the effects of Wi-Fi radiation, and the comparative study was done.For this study 60 white male laboratory rats weighing 200-250 g were selected then tested in good conditions of light and food. The mice were randomly divided in terms of Wi-Fi Radiation and received gavage Sea buckthorn into 6 out of groups of 10.It was found that in the groups that had received Wi-Fi radiation, waves did not affect sperm count, testes weight, testosterone and testicular tissue, but it caused a significant decrease in fertilized sperm motility, and sea buckthorn extract could work as a protective agent against the radiations. According to the results of this research, it can be the probability that Sea buckthorn extract, having antioxidant substance can prevent destructive effects of waves that cause free radicals and having vitamin E improves sperm quality.

Hydrocarbon measurements during tropospheric ozone depletion events: Evidence for halogen atom chemistry

During the Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry 1996 (ARCTOC 96) field campaign (March 29 to May 15, 1996), in situ measurements of C2–C8 hydrocarbons, selected C1–C2 halocarbons, and carbon monoxide were carried out at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (78°55′N, 11°56′E). Two major tropospheric ozone depletions were observed during this period. In each case, concurrent depletion of alkanes and ethyne but no significant changes in benzene, chloromethane, or CO mixing ratios were detected. The change in the propane/benzene ratio can be used as evidence for the presence of chlorine radicals. Time integrated chlorine and bromine atom concentrations were calculated from the concentration changes of light alkanes and ethyne, respectively. At background ozone mixing ratios (O3 > 30 ppbv) our calculations yielded no significant integrated halogen atom concentrations (Cl: 5 ± 14 × 108 s cm−3, Br: 9 ± 42 × 1010 s cm−3). During major ozone depletion events, these values increase by more than a factor of 10 to values of about 1010 s cm−3 (Cl) and 5 × 1012 s cm−3 (Br). For such events the observed ozone losses can be explained quantitatively with these data. Our results show that free bromine atoms appear to be the major cause for ozone depletion (more than 92%). The contribution of chlorine atoms to the ozone loss is of the order of 1% or less. Highest integrated chlorine and bromine atom concentrations were found at lowest ozone mixing ratios and reached up to 1.4 × 1010 and 1.4 × 1013 s cm−3, respectively. A closer analysis reveals that during each ozone depletion event the integrated chlorine atom concentration increases earlier than the integrated bromine atom concentration and remains at high levels for a longer period of time. The bromine atom concentration starts to increase when ozone mixing ratios are below 15–20 ppbv and reaches very high levels for ozone <5 ppbv. The integrated chlorine concentration appears to be anticorrelated to the ozone mixing ratio (r 2 = 0.811), whereas the integrated bromine concentration was found to be anticorrelated to the logarithm of the ozone mixing ratio (r 2 = 0.895)