Inheritance of resistance to cotton blue disease

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a herança da resistência do algodoeiro à doença-azul. Populações derivadas das variedades resistentes CD 401 e Delta Opal foram avaliadas em casa de vegetação, por meio da inoculação de pulgões virulíferos. A resistência à doença-azul do algodoeiro é condicionada por um gene dominante, tanto em 'DC 401' quanto em 'Delta Opal'.The objective of this work was to determine the inheritance of cotton blue disease resistance by cotton plants. Populations derived from the CD 401 and Delta Opal resistant varieties were evaluated, through a greenhouse test with artificial inoculation by viruliferous aphids. Cotton blue disease resistance is conditioned by one dominant gene, both in CD 401 and Delta Opal varieties

Genetic distance among advanced lineages of cotton germplasm using RAPD and microsatellite markers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar coefi cientes de similaridade para serem aplicados a conjuntos de genótipos de algodoeiro com baixa diversidade genética. Analisou-se um conjunto de 65 linhagens e4 cultivares de algodão, com marcadores de RAPD e SSR, e estimou-se a similaridade genética de acordo com sete coefi cientes de similaridade: Coincidência Simples, Rogers & Tanimoto, Ochiai, Hamman, Jaccard, Dicee Russel & Rao. A adequação dos coefi cientes ao conjunto de genótipos foi verifi cada por correlação entre as matrizes de distância, índice de consenso entre os dendrogramas e otimização de Tocher. As análises mostraram que o coefi ciente de Russel e Rao foi divergente em relação aos demais e seu uso não é recomendável. Entre os parâmetros usados para avaliar a qualidade de informação de cada coefi ciente, apenas o índice de consenso estabeleceu diferenças e os classifi cou em dois grupos: aquele em que a ausência simultânea é considerada eaquele em que ela é desconsiderada. Considerando-se a presença de apenas dois alelos microssatélites por loco e os maiores índices de consenso, os coefi cientes de Coincidência Simples, Hamman e Rogers & Tanimoto devem ser preferidos, quando em conjuntos de genótipos de algodoeiro melhorados e com baixa diversidade.The objective of this work was to select similarity coefficients to be used among sets of cotton genotypes with low genetic diversity. Sixty-five lineages and four cotton cultivars were analyzed by RAPD and SSR markers; and the genetic similarity was estimated by seven similarity coefficients: Simple Matching, Rogers & Tanimoto, Ochiai, Hamman, Jaccard, Dice and Russel & Rao. The adequacy of the use of each coefficient to the collected data was verified by correlation between the distance matrices, the consensus index between the dendrograms and the Tocher's optimization method. The coefficient of Russel & Rao was the most divergent, and its use is not recommended. Among the parameters used to estimate the quality of information provided by each coefficient, differences were observed only by the consensus index, which established two groups: one in which simultaneous absence of bands are taken into account, and other in which it is excluded. Considering the presence of only two microsatellite alleles per polymorphic locus and the higher consensus index coefficients, the Simple Matching, Hamman and Rogers & Tanimoto coefficients should be preferred when analyzing cotton elite genotypes with low genetic similarity

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Effect of bth on isoenzyme expression and on interaction of microsymbionts and pathogenic nematodes with soybean plants

Os efeitos das interações da soja com microssimbiontes e com nematóides fitopatogênicos têm relevância para o ganho econômico desta cultura. O ativador de defesa vegetal BTH, também conhecido com o nome comercial de Bion, pode vir a ser recomendado para aplicação em soja. Existem evidências de semelhanças entre os processos de colonização de plantas por patógenos e por microssimbiontes. Então, a aplicação de produtos que ativam os mecanismos de proteção às doenças, como o BTH, pode inibir também as simbioses. A aplicação do 8TH não teve efeito sobre a colonização de raízes de soja por Glomus intraradices mas reduziu a intensidade de colonização por Bradyrhízobíum japonicum quando aplicado via radicular. O efeito do 8TH na colonização pelos nematóides do cisto da soja (Heterodera glycines) e de galhas da soja (Meloidogyne javanica) foi testado. A incubação com o produto nas concentrações de 0,25, 50, 100 e 250mg/L não teve efeito na mobilidade de juvenis de segundo estádio, nem alterou o número de galhas causadas por elas em raízes de tomate. BTH reduziu os níveis de infecção por H. glycines em raízes de soja quando aplicado no solo a 25, 125 e 250 mg/L. Cinco aplicações do BTH a 25, 50 or 100 mg/L reduziram o nível de infecção por M. javanica. O tratamento com BTH provocou fitoxicidade. Portanto, o efeito da aplicação do produto no solo sobre a intensidade de colonização de raízes associado a ausência de efeito direto do produto sobre os juvenis sugere que uma reação de defesa da planta foi estimulada pelo BTH. Para testar o efeito do BTH na expressão de isoenzimas, o produto foi aplicado às folhas e raízes de soja na concentração de 25mg/L do ingrediente ativo. Os extratos de raízes das plantas que foram tratadas com BTH via radicular apresentaram duas bandas mais intensas e três bandas adicionais quando revelados na presença de guaiacol, o-dianizidina ou catecol, comparados aos extratos de plantas controle. 1?4s mobilidades relativas das isoformas foram consistentes, sugerindo que uma mesma enzima é funcional para os três substratos. Como guaiacol é considerado substrato específico de peroxidase, e o-dianizidina e catecol são substratos de peroxidases, esta enzima é provavelmente uma peroxidase de substrato inespecífico (EC 1.11.1. 7). Peroxidases são marcadores bioquímicos de resistência sistêmica adquirida, mecanismo de ação do BTH nas espécies modelos tabaco e Arabidopsis thaliana. Os perfis eletroforéticos de quitinases e superóxido dismutases de folhas ou raízes não foram alterados pelo BTH. A aplicação foliar de BTH não teve efeito na colonização de raízes por B. japonicum ou sobre o perfil eletroforético de peroxidases. Portanto, o produto é absorvido de maneira mais eficiente quando aplicado via radicular, ou não é translocado de parte aérea para raiz.Plant interactions with the microsymbionts rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and with plant pathogenic nematodes do affect the economic performance of soybean. The protection compound BTH, also known by the commercial name Bion, if applied to soybeans, could interfere with this interactions in a positive or negative way. Some features are shared between colonisation pathways by pathogens and microsymbionts. Therefore, the application of products that activate protection mechanisms, like BTH, could also inhibit mutualistic symbionts. BTH treatment had no effect on the colonization of soybean roots by Glomus intraradices but reduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum colonization intensities, if applied through roots. The effect of BTH on Heterodera g/ycines (soybean cyst nematode) and Meloidogyne javanica (Javanese root-knot nematode) was evaluated. lncubation in the product at 0,25, 50, 100 and 250mg/L had no effect on the mobility of second-stage juveniles of both species, neither affected the number of galls caused by them on tomato roots. BTH reduced the infection levels by H. glycines in soybean roots when applied to soil at 25, 125 e 250 mg/L. Five applications of BTH at 25, 50 or 100mg/L reduced infection levels by M. javanica. BTH treatments provoked phytotoxicity. The absence of a direct effect on the nematodes, although causing restriction of the root infection levels suggests that a plant resistance reaction is stimulated by BTH. To test the effect of BTH on isoenzyme expression, the product was applied to soybean roots and leaves at the dose of 25 mg/L of the active ingredient. Root extracts of plants were examined for enzyme activity after electrophoresis in polyacrylamide nativa gels. The gels from plants to which BTH had been applied via the roots, revealed two more intensa and three additional bands when stained using guaiacol, o-dianizidine or catechol, compareci to gels from the controls. The relativa mobilities of the isoforms were consistent for the three substrates, suggesting that the sarne enzyme is functional with all of them. This enzyme is probably a peroxidase with a unspecific substrate (EC 1.11.1. 7), since guaiacol is considered a specific substrate for peroxidases and catechol and o-dianizídíne are peroxidase substrates, although unspecific. Peroxidases are biochemical markers of systemic acquired resistance, a mechanism by which BTH protects the model plants tobacco and Arabidopsis from pathogens. Electrophoretic profiles of chitinase and superoxide dismutase extracted from leaves or roots on native alkaline gels were not altered by BTH. Applications of BTH to leaves had no effect on root colonisation by B. japonicum neither on electrophoretic profiles of peroxidases from roots extracts. Therefore, BTH absortion is more effective when applied by roots then by leaves, or else, neither the product itself nor an activated plant signal is translocated from leaves to roots

Inibição da colonização por Bradyrhizobium elkanii mas não por Glomus intraradices em soja pelo ativador de defesa vegetal BTH

O produto BTH controla doenças através da ativação dos mecanismos de resistência de plantas, cujo modo de ação tem sido caracterizado através da identificação de genes ou enzimas ativados durante esta reação. Os mesmos genes e enzimas podem ser ativados como parte da reação das plantas à colonização por microssimbiontes mutualistas. Então, a aplicação de BTH pode inibir também essas simbioses. Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar se BTH tem efeito sobre a colonização de raízes de soja pelos microssimbiontes Glomus intraradices e Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Plantas controle ou inoculadas com o fungo micorrízico ou rizóbio foram tratadas com 20 mL de BTH 25 mg L-1 por meio da aplicação em sementes, via radicular ou via foliar. As plantas que receberam aplicação radicular de BTH tiveram desenvolvimento vegetativo reduzido. A colonização de raízes por B. elkanii foi menor nas plantas que receberam aplicação de BTH via radicular do que naquelas não tratadas ou tratadas por via foliar apenas. A colonização de raízes de soja por G. intraradices não foi afetada por BTH em quaisquer dos modos de aplicação. A aplicação radicular de BTH deve ser evitada na cultura da soja. Não há indício de restrição de aplicação foliar do produto

Genetic characterization of cotton landraces found in the Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte states

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic diversity of cotton mocó planted in Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte using microsatellite markers, since mocó landraces are a valuable source of genetic diversity. A set of 38 accessions - 21 plants from Rio Grande do Norte and 17 from Paraiba - was analyzed using 24 pairs of cotton microsatellite primers, which amplified 20 polymorphic loci. The average inbreeding was 0.432, and was slightly higher in individuals from Paraíba than from Rio Grande do Norte. Genetic diversity (Nei´s unbiased estimator) between individuals from each state’s populations had similar values (HT = 0.327 and 0.302 in Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, respectively), indicating that comparable variability has been maintained. Moreover, the proportion of diversity between populations was extremely low (DST = 0.007), but expressive between mesoregions (DST = 0.069). These data led us to conclude that the genetic similarities between populations are high