296 research outputs found
Neue Wege in Marketing und Vertrieb : ProzeĂoptimierung, Organisationsgestaltung, Kundenorientierung
Die Forderung nach neuen Organisationsformen
in Marketing und Vertrieb gehört zu den
AllgemeinplÀtzen der heutigen Managementliteratur.
Vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Marktdynamik
und steigender WettbewerbsintensitÀt
werden Forderungen nach effizienteren Prozessen,
Kundenorientierung sowie allgemein nach neuen
Organisationsformen immer lauter.
Solche Dinge sind leicht gesagt. In der
Umsetzung erweisen sie sich zumeist allerdings
als ausgesprochen problematisch. Die ernĂŒchternden
Erfahrungen, die mittlerweile zahlreiche Unternehmen
bei dem Versuch, das Konzept des Business Process
Reengineering anzuwenden, machen muĂten,
verdeutlichen die Umsetzungsproblematik.
Vor diesem Hintergrund befaĂt sich dievorliegende
Studie mit der Frage, wo die Praxis tatsÀchlich
bei der Reorganisation der Marketing- und
Vertriebsbereiche ansetzt
Entwicklungslinien der Marketingorganisation : eine empirische Untersuchung im produzierenden Gewerbe
âą Die Marketingorganisation regelt die Beziehungen eines Unternehmens zu seinen
Abnehmern und leistet so einen wichtigen Beitrag zur WettbewerbsfÀhigkeit.
âą Der Beitrag befaĂt sich mit der Frage nach dem derzeitigen Stand der
Marketingorganisation hinsichtlich zentraler Parameter und mit den fĂŒr die nĂ€chsten Jahre
geplanten VerÀnderungen.
âą Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragestellungen wird eine empirische Analyse im produzierenden
Gewerbe durchgefĂŒhrt.
⹠Aufgrund der empirischen Analyse können klare Entwicklungstendenzen identifiziert
werden, die insbesondere im Bereich der ProzeĂorientierung in Marketing und Vertrieb
liegen
Significant decline of mesospheric water vapor at the NDACC site near Bern in the period 2007 to 2018
The middle atmospheric water vapor radiometer MIAWARA is located close to
Bern in Zimmerwald (46.88â N, 7.46â E; 907âm)
and is part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition
Change (NDACC). Initially built in the year 2002, a major upgrade of the
instrument's spectrometer allowed middle atmospheric water vapor to be
continuously measured since April 2007. Thenceforward to May 2018, a time
series of more than 11 years has been gathered, that makes a first trend
estimate possible. For the trend estimation, a robust multilinear parametric
trend model has been used. The trend model encompasses a linear term, a solar
activity tracker, the El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) index and the
Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) as well as the annual and semi-annual
oscillation. In the time period April 2007 to May 2018 we find a significant
decline in water vapor by -0.6±0.2 ppm per decade between 61 and
72âkm. Below the stratopause level (âŒ48âkm) a smaller
reduction of H2O of up to -0.3±0.1 ppm per decade is detected.</p
Comparison and synergy of stratospheric ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA
International audienceStratospheric O3 profiles obtained by the satellite limb sounders Aura/MLS, ENVISAT/MIPAS, ENVISAT/GOMOS, SAGE-II, SAGE-III, UARS/HALOE are compared to coincident O3 profiles of the ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA in Switzerland. Data from the various measurement techniques are within 10% at altitudes below 45 km. At altitudes 45?60 km, the relative O3 differences are within a range of 50% Larger deviations at upper altitudes are attributed to larger relative measurement errors caused by lower O3 concentrations. The spatiotemporal characteristics of the O3 differences (satellite ? ground station) are investigated by analyzing about 5000 coincident profile pairs of Aura/MLS (retrieval version 1.5) and SOMORA. The probability density function of the O3 differences is represented by a Gaussian normal distribution (except for profile pairs around the stratopause at noon). The dependence of the O3 differences on the horizontal distance between the sounding volumes of Aura/MLS and SOMORA is derived. While the mean bias (Aura/MLS ? SOMORA) is constant with increasing horizontal distance (up to 800 km), the standard deviation of the O3 differences increases from around 8 to 12% in the mid-stratosphere. Geographical maps yield azimuthal dependences and horizontal gradients of the O3 difference field around the SOMORA ground station. Coherent oscillations of O3 are present in the time series of Aura/MLS and SOMORA (e.g., due to traveling planetary waves). Ground- and space-based measurements often complement one another. We introduce the double differencing technique which allows both the cross-validation of two satellites by means of a ground station and the cross-validation of distant ground stations by means of one satellite. Temporal atmospheric noise in the geographical ozone map over Payerne is significantly reduced by combination of the data from SOMORA and Aura/MLS. These analyses illustrate the synergy between ground-based and space-based measurements
Diurnal changes in middle atmospheric H2O and O3: Observations in the Alpine region and climate models
International audienceIn this paper we investigate daily variations in middle atmospheric water vapor and ozone based on data from two ground-based microwave radiometers located in the Alpine region of Europe. Temperature data are obtained from a lidar located near the two stations and from the SABER experiment on the TIMED satellite. This unique set of observations is complemented by three different three-dimensional (3-D) chemistry-climate models (Monitoring of Stratospheric Depletion of the Ozone Layer (MSDOL), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Reactive Processes Ruling the Ozone Budget in the Stratosphere (LMDz-REPROBUS), and Solar Climate Ozone Links (SOCOL)) and the 2-D atmospheric global-scale wave model (GSWM). The first part of the paper is focused on the first Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES) tidal campaign that consisted of a period of intensive measurements during September 2005. Variations in stratospheric water vapor are found to be in the order of 1% depending on altitude. Meridional advection of tidal nature is likely to be the dominant driving factor throughout the whole stratosphere, while vertical advection becomes more important in the mesosphere. Observed ozone variations in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere show amplitudes of several percent in accordance with photochemical models. Variations in lower stratospheric ozone are not solely governed by photochemistry but also by dynamics, with the temperature dependence of the photochemistry becoming more important. The second part presents an investigation of the seasonal dependence of daily variations. Models tend to underestimate the H2O diurnal amplitudes, especially during summer in the upper stratosphere. Good agreement between models and observations is found for ozone in the upper stratosphere, which reflects the fact that the O3 daily variations are driven by the photochemistry that is well modeled
Beyond the Jaynes-Cummings model: circuit QED in the ultrastrong coupling regime
In cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), light-matter interaction is probed
at its most fundamental level, where individual atoms are coupled to single
photons stored in three-dimensional cavities. This unique possibility to
experimentally explore the foundations of quantum physics has greatly evolved
with the advent of circuit QED, where on-chip superconducting qubits and
oscillators play the roles of two-level atoms and cavities, respectively. In
the strong coupling limit, atom and cavity can exchange a photon frequently
before coherence is lost. This important regime has been reached both in cavity
and circuit QED, but the design flexibility and engineering potential of the
latter allowed for increasing the ratio between the atom-cavity coupling rate
and the cavity transition frequency above the percent level. While these
experiments are well described by the renowned Jaynes-Cummings model, novel
physics is expected in the ultrastrong coupling limit. Here, we report on the
first experimental realization of a superconducting circuit QED system in the
ultrastrong coupling limit and present direct evidence for the breakdown of the
Jaynes-Cummings model.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
The MHD nature of ionospheric wave packets excited by the solar terminator
We obtained the first experimental evidence for the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
nature of ionospheric medium-scale travelling wave packets (MSTWP). We used
data on total electron content (TEC) measurements obtained at the dense
Japanese network GPS/GEONET (1220 stations) in 2008-2009. We found that the
diurnal, seasonal and spectral MSTWP characteristics are specified by the solar
terminator (ST) dynamics. MSTWPs are the chains of narrow-band TEC oscillations
with single packet's duration of about 1-2 hours and oscillation periods of
10-20 minutes. Their total duration is about 4--6 hours. The MSTWP spatial
structure is characterized by a high degree of anisotropy and coherence at the
distance of more than 10 wavelengths. The MSTWP direction of travelling is
characterized by a high directivity regardless of seasons. Occurrence rate of
daytime MSTWPs is high in winter and during equinoxes. Occurrence rate of
nighttime MSTIDs has its peak in summer. These features are consistent with
previous MS travelling ionosphere disturbance (TID) statistics obtained from
630-nm airglow imaging observations in Japan. In winter, MSTWPs in the northern
hemisphere are observed 3-4 hours after the morning ST passage. In summer,
MSTWPs are detected 1.5-2 hours before the evening ST occurrence at the point
of observations, at the moment of the evening ST passage in the
magneto-conjugate point. Both the high Q-factor of oscillatory system and
synchronization of MSTWP occurrence with the solar terminator passage at the
point of observations and in the magneto-conjugate area testify the MHD nature
of ST-excited MSTWP generation. The obtained results are the first experimental
evidence for the hypothesis of the ST-generated ion sound waves.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
Simultaneous observations with a sodium lidar and an MF radar during PREASA-2 campaign
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