C-Trend parameters and possibilities of federated learning

Abstract. In this observational study, federated learning, a cutting-edge approach to machine learning, was applied to one of the parameters provided by C-Trend Technology developed by Cerenion Oy. The aim was to compare the performance of federated learning to that of conventional machine learning. Additionally, the potential of federated learning for resolving the privacy concerns that prevent machine learning from realizing its full potential in the medical field was explored. Federated learning was applied to burst-suppression ratio’s machine learning and it was compared to the conventional machine learning of burst-suppression ratio calculated on the same dataset. A suitable aggregation method was developed and used in the updating of the global model. The performance metrics were compared and a descriptive analysis including box plots and histograms was conducted. As anticipated, towards the end of the training, federated learning’s performance was able to approach that of conventional machine learning. The strategy can be regarded to be valid because the performance metric values remained below the set test criterion levels. With this strategy, we will potentially be able to make use of data that would normally be kept confidential and, as we gain access to more data, eventually develop machine learning models that perform better. Federated learning has some great advantages and utilizing it in the context of qEEGs’ machine learning could potentially lead to models, which reach better performance by receiving data from multiple institutions without the difficulties of privacy restrictions. Some possible future directions include an implementation on heterogeneous data and on larger data volume.C-Trend-teknologian parametrit ja federoidun oppimisen mahdollisuudet. Tiivistelmä. Tässä havainnointitutkimuksessa federoitua oppimista, koneoppimisen huippuluokan lähestymistapaa, sovellettiin yhteen Cerenion Oy:n kehittämään C-Trend-teknologian tarjoamaan parametriin. Tavoitteena oli verrata federoidun oppimisen suorituskykyä perinteisen koneoppimisen suorituskykyyn. Lisäksi tutkittiin federoidun oppimisen mahdollisuuksia ratkaista yksityisyyden suojaan liittyviä rajoitteita, jotka estävät koneoppimista hyödyntämästä täyttä potentiaaliaan lääketieteen alalla. Federoitua oppimista sovellettiin purskevaimentumasuhteen koneoppimiseen ja sitä verrattiin purskevaimentumasuhteen laskemiseen, johon käytettiin perinteistä koneoppimista. Kummankin laskentaan käytettiin samaa dataa. Sopiva aggregointimenetelmä kehitettiin, jota käytettiin globaalin mallin päivittämisessä. Suorituskykymittareiden tuloksia verrattiin keskenään ja tehtiin kuvaileva analyysi, johon sisältyi laatikkokuvioita ja histogrammeja. Odotetusti opetuksen loppupuolella federoidun oppimisen suorituskyky pystyi lähestymään perinteisen koneoppimisen suorituskykyä. Menetelmää voidaan pitää pätevänä, koska suorituskykymittarin arvot pysyivät alle asetettujen testikriteerien tasojen. Tämän menetelmän avulla voimme ehkä hyödyntää dataa, joka normaalisti pidettäisiin salassa, ja kun saamme lisää dataa käyttöömme, voimme lopulta kehittää koneoppimismalleja, jotka saavuttavat paremman suorituskyvyn. Federoidulla oppimisella on joitakin suuria etuja, ja sen hyödyntäminen qEEG:n koneoppimisen yhteydessä voisi mahdollisesti johtaa malleihin, jotka saavuttavat paremman suorituskyvyn saamalla tietoja useista eri lähteistä ilman yksityisyyden suojaan liittyviä rajoituksia. Joitakin mahdollisia tulevia suuntauksia ovat muun muassa heterogeenisen datan ja suurempien tietomäärien käyttö

Antioxidant studies for animal-based fat methyl ester

The aim of this study was to test an antioxidant, BioSineox, for animal-based fat methyl ester, AFME, in order to determine the optimal concentration of this antioxidant for meeting the six-hour oxidation stability requirement as set in the EN 14214:2010 standard. Oxidation stability was measured using a Biodiesel Rancimat 873, which meets the requirements of the EN 14112 standard. The variety of raw materials used in the production of methyl esters, i.e. biodiesels, renders a variety of fatty acid profiles. Consequently, the reaction of biodiesels with various antioxidants must be individually tested for each combination. Before the antioxidant is added during the manufacturing process, it must be tested in laboratory conditions. As the main result of this study it can be stated that the process requires a relatively high (2,000 ppm) BioSineox concentration in order for the biodiesel to meet the six-hour oxidation stability requirement. In March 2013, the standard EN 14214:2010 was replaced by the EN 14214:2012. One of the changes was an increase in the oxidation stability requirement from 6 hours minimum to 8 hours minimum. To reach this target, the concentration of the antioxidant must be further increased.© 2014 The Authors. This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Liikunnan integrointi osana akateemisten oppiaineiden opetusta luokanopettajien ja aineenopettajien kokemana

Tiivistelmä. Fyysisen aktiivisuuden suositukset täyttyvät heikosti peruskouluikäisten lasten ja nuorten keskuudessa. Päivittäisen liikunnan määrä jää alle suositusten mukaisen määrän. Istumista ja muuta paikallaanoloa kertyy runsaasti. Lisäksi ruutuaikaa on selvästi yli suositusten lasten ja nuorten arjessa. Koulupäivän aikaisen fyysisen aktiivisuuden määrään on pyritty vaikuttamaan muun muassa Liikkuva koulu -ohjelman avulla. Alakouluista vuonna 2010 liikkeelle lähtenyt ohjelma on saanut aikaan lupaavia tuloksia alakouluissa. Yläkoulun puolella liikunnallisen toimintakulttuurin luominen on ollut hitaampaa. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena oli tarkastella luokan- ja aineenopettajien kokemusten ja käsitysten avulla syitä miksi näin on. Tutkimusjoukko koostui luokanopettajista (n=9) ja aineenopettajista (n=9). Tutkimusaineisto koostui kuudesta kestoltaan noin 20 minuuttisesta pienryhmäkeskustelusta. Näiden pienryhmä-keskusteluiden aiheena oli liikunnan integrointi osaksi akateemisten oppiaineiden opetusta. Tämän laadullisen tapaustutkimuksen menetelmin toteutetun tutkielman aineisto analysoitiin teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tutkielman tulosten mukaan merkittävimmät eroavaisuudet opettajaryhmien välillä liittyivät opetukseen integroituun liikunnan toteuttamiseen liittyvien tekijöiden osalta välituntiliikunnan vaikutusten ulottumiseen myös oppitunneille. Välituntiliikunnalla oli vaikutusta liikunnan hyödyntämiseen oppimisprosessin eri vaiheissa ja toiminnallisuuden ajoittamiseen oppitunneilla. Lisäksi eroja oli vastuukysymyksissä. Oppimisen suhteen aineenopettajat kokivat liikuntaa hyödyntävien oppituntien suunnittelutyön työlääksi. Heidän mielestään opettajien yhteistä suunnitteluaikaa oli liian vähän. Oppimisympäristöillä oli tulosten mukaan suuri vaikutus liikunnan integroinnille osaksi opetusta. Koulun fyysisillä oppimisympäristöillä oli vaikutusta siihen, miten liikuntaa ja liikettä voidaan hyödyntää osana koulun arkea. Sosiaalisten oppimisympäristöjen kohdalla korostuivat oppilaiden väliset sosiaaliset suhteet, opettajan oppilaan- ja ryhmäntuntemus sekä oppilaiden vertaisoppiminen. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta liikunnan integroimisen akateemisten oppiaineiden opetuksessa olevan vahvempaa alakoulussa. Suunnitteluajan lisääminen, koulutuksen järjestäminen ja toimintaa koordinoivan opettajan nimeäminen kouluille voivat edistää liikunnan hyödyntämistä oppimisen tukena ja kuroa toimintakulttuurieroa pienemmäksi ala- ja yläkoulujen välillä. Opetukseen integroidun liikunnan avulla pystyttiin myös huomioimaan tehokkaasti erilaiset oppijat

Drift compensation using a multichannel slot waveguide Young interferometer

Polymeric integrated Young interferometer sensor chips utilizing a slot waveguide have demonstrated to be sensitive, to work at visible wavelengths, to be manufacturable by simple process, and to have a reduced sensitivity to temperature fluctuations. Although slot waveguide Young interferometers have these desirable features for low-cost rapid diagnostics, the sensor readout is disturbed by mechanical drifts of the sensing system. In this paper we demonstrate that mechanical drifts of the readout system can be compensated by using a multichannel slot waveguide Young interferometer having two reference waveguides and applying a drift compensation method based on the analysis of the spatial shifts of the interferogram fringes. The applicability of the drift compensation method was studied by conducting experiments with undisturbed and with mechanically disturbed setup to measure the phase changes induced by the changes of the bulk refractive index. By applying the drift compensation method, the sample induced phase change responses were extracted from up to 18 times larger measured phase changes in the disturbed experiments proving the applicability of the method with multichannel slot waveguide Young interferometers

Teräskonvertteri, mittaukset ja mallit

Tiivistelmä. Työn tavoitteena on kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla tutustua teräskonvertteriin ja esitellä teräskonvertteriprosessin mittausmenetelmiä sekä mittaustulosten hyödyntämistä mallinnuksessa. Työssä on keskitytty erityisesti yhdistelmäpuhalluskonverttereihin sekä käytetty esimerkkinä LD-KG-konvertteria. Prosessimallit on jaettu dynaamisiin ja staattisiin malleihin sekä niiden toimintaperiaatteita ja hyödyntämistä teräskonvertterissa on selvitetty. Työssä myös etsitään ja vertaillaan erilaisia mahdollisuuksia epäsuorille ja suorille mittauksille. Konvertterissa vallitsee erittäin haastavat olosuhteet, jotka vaikeuttavat suorien mittauksien suorittamista.Steel converter and its measurements and models. Abstract. The aim of the thesis is to make a literature review on the steel converter and to present the measurement methods of the steel converter process and the utilization of the measurement results in modelling. The work has focused especially on combination blowing converters and used the LD-KG converter as an example. The process models are divided into dynamic and static models, and their operating principles and utilization in the steel converter have been explained. The thesis also looks for and compares different possibilities for indirect and direct measurements. The converter has very challenging conditions, which makes direct measurements very challenging

Senioritalo Lohjan Muijalaan

Tiivistelmä. Diplomityöni on suunnittelupainotteinen ja aiheenani on suunnitella senioritalo Lohjan Muijalaan. Lohja on Uudellamaalla sijaitseva, voimakkaasti kasvava kaupunki ja Muijala on sen eteläpuolella sijaitseva kaupunginosa, jota kaavoitetaan ahkerasti. Muijala sijaitsee myös Turun moottoritien varrella, joten kulkeminen pääkaupunkiseudulle onnistuu nopeasti Tavoitteena on suunnitella moderni, kodikas, monipuolinen ja houkutteleva senioritalo. Asukkaille tarjolla on kahdenlaisia asuntoja, yksiöitä ja kaksioita. Huoneistojaon ja niiden tyyppien on tarkoitus taata mahdollisuus monipuoliselle asumiselle. Kaksioita on suunnitelmissa 6 kpl ja yksiöitä 12 kpl. Huoneistojen tärkeänä sisustusmateriaalina on puu. Suunnitelmassani on tarkoituksena käyttää puuta niin rakenteessa, ulko- ja sisätiloissa tuomassa tiloihin lämpöä sekä kodikkuutta. Työssä paneudutaan kuitenkin enemmän puun käyttöön, sekä sen tuomaan tunnelmaan, entä niinkään rakenteellisiin yksityiskohtiin. Diplomityöhöni kuuluu pieni kirjallinen osio, joka käsittelee senioriasumista, sen rakentamista ja nykyisiä, moderneja, toteutettuja senioritaloja. Pyrin saamaan myös käytännöllisen näkökulman työlleni haastattelemalla seniorikodissa työskentelevää lähihoitajaa, jotta saisin paremman ymmärryksen siitä, mikä toimii käytännössä ja minkälaisia asioita talojen asukkaat sekä henkilökunta toivoisivat tulevaisuuden senioritaloilta. Taustoittavat tiedot ja haastattelu ohjasivat niin yhteistilojen kuin huoneistojenkin suunnittelua.Senior house to Muijala located in Lohja. Abstract. My master’s thesis is design oriented and my subject is to design a senior housing to Muijala, located in Lohja. Lohja resides in Uusimaa and is a rapidly growing city and Muijala is its city district located on the southern side of the city. It is being zoned diligently. Muijala is also located near a large motorway to Turku, so traveling to the Helsinki metropolitan area can be done quickly. My goal is to design a modern, homely, versatile and attractive senior house. Resident are offered a choice from two types of apartments, either a one-room or a two-room flat. This is to ensure diverse opportunities for housing. The plan has six two-room and twelve one-room apartments. An important design element in all of these apartments is the use of wood or wood-type elements. The design uses wood in construction as well as in outerior and interior spaces to bring warmth and coziness to the spaces. The focus of this thesis, however, is to delve into the use of wood as a design element and to the athmosphere it creates, not so into the contruction details themselves. My master’s thesis also includes a small written portion that deals with senior housing and its development and current, modern and built senior houses. I also tried to get a more practical point of view to my work by interviewing a practical nurse who works at a senior house. I hoped to gain a better understanding of what works in real life and what are the things the occupants of senior houses and its staff wish for as the senior houses of the future. This background research and the interview guided me while planning the common areas and the apartments themselves

Properties of local produced animal-fat based biodiesel and its blend with fossil fuel

In the near future, more emphasis must be put on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in road transportation, house heating, agricultural activities, marine transport etc. This study concentrated on the use of alternative fuels in engine - driven applicat ions of non - road machineries and decentralized energy production . Today, the engines are mainly designed for crude oil derived fuels and liquid renewable fuels are blended with crude oil based fuels to fulfill the requirements of renewable energy usage. Du e to the environmental reasons on one hand and to the agricultural needs, on the other hand , different blends of bio - and fossil fuels are becoming more popular. In Europe, the maximum FAME content in diesel fuel is 7 vol% according to the EN 590:2013 but higher percentages are also available and targeted around the world. For example in the United States, the 20% blend fraction is becoming more common. For these reasons, B20 fuels were chosen to be investigated in this study. Special emphasis was put on im proving blending issues since fuel blending may cause some operating risks. The main aim was to research widely the properties of animal - fat based methyl ester (AFME) and B20 fuel blend produced from it. AFME is a waste based fuel and produced in Ostroboth nia region, Finland. The aim was to find out in which engine applications the fuels are feasible and investigate if the fuels fit in the quality of automotive fuel Standards. According to the results, AFME is a feasible option to increase self - sufficient e ne rgy production in Ostrobothnia.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Changes in parents' psychotropic medication use following child's cancer diagnosis : A fixed-effects register-study in Finland

Background Symptoms of depression and anxiety are elevated among parents of children with cancer. However, knowledge of parents' psychotropic medication use following child's cancer diagnosis is scarce. Methods We use longitudinal Finnish register data on 3266 mothers and 2687 fathers whose child (aged 0-19) was diagnosed with cancer during 2000-2016. We record mothers' and fathers' psychotropic medication use (at least one annual purchase of anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives, or antidepressants) 5 years before and after the child's diagnosis and assess within-individual changes in medication use by time since diagnosis, cancer type, child's age, presence of siblings, and parent's living arrangements and education using linear probability models with the individual fixed-effects estimator. The fixed-effects models compare each parent's annual probability of psychotropic medication use after diagnosis to their annual probability of medication use during the 5-year period before the diagnosis. Results Psychotropic medication use was more common among mothers than fathers already before the child's diagnosis, 11.2% versus 7.3%. Immediately after diagnosis, psychotropic medication use increased by 6.0 (95% CI 4.8-7.2) percentage points among mothers and by 3.2 (CI 2.1-4.2) percentage points among fathers. Among fathers, medication use returned to pre-diagnosis level by the second year, except among those whose child was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma. Among mothers of children with a central nervous system cancer, medication use remained persistently elevated during the 5-year follow-up. For mothers with other under-aged children or whose diagnosed child was younger than 10 years, the return to pre-diagnosis level was also slow. Conclusions Having a child with cancer clearly increases parents' psychotropic medication use. The increase is smaller and more short-lived among fathers, but among mothers its duration depends on both cancer type and family characteristics. Our results suggest that an increased care burden poses particular strain to the long-term mental well-being of mothers.Peer reviewe

Performance and flow dynamics studies of polymeric optofluidic sers sensors

We present a polymer-based optofluidic surface enhanced Raman scattering chip for biomolecule detection, serving as a disposable sensorchoice with cost-effective production. The SERS substrate is fabricated by using industrial roll-to-roll UV-nanoimprinting equipment andintegrated with adhesive-based polymeric microfluidics. The functioning of the SERS detection on-chip is confirmed and the effect of thepolymer lid on the obtainable Raman spectra is analysed. Rhodamine 6G is used as a model analyte to demonstrate continuous flowmeasurements on a planar SERS substrate in a microchannel. The relation between the temporal response of the sensors and sample flowdynamics is studied with varied flow velocities, using SERS and fluorescence detection. The response time of the surface-dependent SERSsignal is longer than the response time of the fluorescence signal of the bulk flow. This observation revealed the effect of convection on thetemporal SERS responses at 25 μl/min to 1000 μl/min flow velocities. The diffusion of analyte molecules from the bulk concentration intothe sensing surface induces about a 40-second lag time in the SERS detection. This lag time, and its rising trend with slower flow velocities, has to be taken into account in future trials of the optofluidic SERS sensor, with active analyte binding on the sensing surface

Lake eutrophication and brownification downgrade availability and transfer of essential fatty acids for human consumption

Fish are an important source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for birds, mammals and humans. In aquatic food webs, these highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) are essential for many physiological processes and mainly synthetized by distinct phytoplankton taxa. Consumers at different trophic levels obtain essential fatty acids from their diet because they cannot produce these sufficiently de novo. Here, we evaluated how the increase in phosphorus concentration (eutrophication) or terrestrial organic matter inputs (brownification) change EPA and DHA content in the phytoplankton. Then, we evaluated whether these changes can be seen in the EPA and DHA content of piscivorous European perch (Perca fluviatilis), which is a widely distributed species and commonly consumed by humans. Data from 713 lakes showed statistically significant differences in the abundance of EPA- and DHA-synthesizing phytoplankton as well as in the concentrations and content of these essential fatty acids among oligo-mesotrophic, eutrophic and dystrophic lakes. The EPA and DHA content of phytoplankton biomass (mg HUFA g(-1)) was significantly lower in the eutrophic lakes than in the oligo-mesotrophic or dystrophic lakes. We found a strong significant correlation between the DHA content in the muscle of piscivorous perch and phytoplankton DHA content (r = 0.85) as well with the contribution of DHA-synthesizing phytoplankton taxa (r = 0.83). Among all DHA-synthesizing phytoplankton this correlation was the strongest with the dinoflagellates (r = 0.74) and chrysophytes (r = 0.70). Accordingly, the EPA + DHA content of perch muscle decreased with increasing total phosphorus (r(2) = 0.80) and dissolved organic carbon concentration (r(2) = 0.83) in the lakes. Our results suggest that although eutrophication generally increase biomass production across different trophic levels, the high proportion of low-quality primary producers reduce EPA and DHA content in the food web up to predatory fish. Ultimately, it seems that lake eutrophication and brownification decrease the nutritional quality of fish for human consumers. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe