Most patients with severe obesity has liver fibrosis even without Metabolic Syndrome/ A maioria dos pacientes com obesidade grave apresenta fibrose Hepática mesmo sem Síndrome Metabólica

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition commonly associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). This association is frequently found in people with severe obesity, yet some who are diagnosed with NAFLD do not fulfill the criteria for MS. We aimed to compare the clinical and histological characteristics of NAFLD in patients with obesity with and without MS.METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study with patients with severe obesity (BMI ≥35kg/m2) diagnosed with NAFLD on liver biopsy during bariatric surgery between Sep/2014 and May/2015.  Patients with a history of chronic alcohol consumption and other liver diseases were excluded. MS diagnosis was based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square and t tests. P<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The simple included 170 patients with severe obesity with histological diagnosis of NAFLD. The mean BMI (body mass index) was 43.2±5.3 kg/m2; 60% were female and the mean age was 37.1±10.7 years. Dyslipidemia (81.7%) and arterial hypertension (48.2%) were the most frequent NAFLD risk factor associated with obesity in these patients. A total of 75 of them (44.1%) did not meet the criteria for MS. They were younger than those with MS [33.8 (9.9) vs 39.7 (10.8) years; p<0.001], and 68.0% (51) of them had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis.  CONCLUSION: The results reinforce the relevance to evaluate NAFLD in people with severe obesity, even those without MS. Despite not presenting MS, these patients with severe obesity already had NASH with fibrosis and can potentially evolve to cirrhosis

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Methodology of inoculation and evaluation of resistance of Eucalyptus spp to Puccinia psidii. winter

A fim de avaliar a resistência do hospedeiro, foram realizados ensaios em condições de casa de vegetação e em câmara de crescimento, para padronização da metodologia de inoculação de Eucalyptus spp com Puccinia psidii. A análise de alguns parâmetros monocíclicos (período latente, frequência de infecção, intensidade de infecção, produção de uredosporos e periodo infeccioso) foi efetuada. Verificou-se que mudas de Eucalyptus devem ser inoculadas com 104 uredosporos/ml, pulverizando-se ambas as faces foliares. Período de 12 horas de câmara úmida, preferencialmente no escuro e temperatura entre 17 e 25°C, foram as condições mais adequadas para a avaliação da resistência. A resistência de sete clones de E. grandis a sete isolados de P. psidii e a resistência de duas procedências de E. pellita, três de E. grandis e urna de E. cloeziana a cinco isolados do patógeno, foi avaliada. Diferenças significativas entre clones, entre procedências e entre isolados, foram detectadas o Interação de isolados com clones foram também encontradas. Baixa ou nenhuma correlação foi detectada entre os parâmetros monocíclicos testados. Concluiu-se que ocorre resistência horizontal, vertical e vertical incompleta no sistema Eucalyptus spp - Puccinia psidii. de acordo com as teorias existentes sobre resistência de plantas às doenças.In order to evaluate host resistance, greenhouse and growth chamber trials were carried out for standardization of the methodology of inoculation of Eucalyptus spp with Puccinia psidii. Analysis of several monocyclic parameters (latent period, infection frequency, infection intensity, uredospore producton and infeccious period) was performed. It was found that Eucalyptus seedlings should be inoculated with 104 uredospores/ml, by spraying both leaf surfaces. A period of 12 hours of moist chamber, preferably in the dark, and tempertures within the range of 17 to 25°C were the best environmental conditions tested for evaluation of resistance. Resistance of seven clones of E. grandis to seven isolates of P. psidii and resistance of two provenances of E. pellita, three provenances of E. grandis and one provenance of E. cloeziana to five isolates of the pathogen were evaluated. Significant differences among clones, amonq provenances and among isolates were detected. Interation of isolates with clones were also found. It occurred small or no correlation among the monocyclic parameters tested. It was concluded that horizontal, vertical and incomplete vertical resistance occur in the Eucalyptus - P. psidii system, according to the current theories of plant disease resistance

Fungicides effect on conidia germination of Claviceps africana in vitro

A cultura do sorgo não enfrentava problemas sérios de doenças nas condições de cultivo no Brasil, até o ano de 1995, quando se registrou a ocorrência da doença-açucarada, causada por Claviceps africana, que afeta as panículas e reduz a quantidade e a qualidade dos grãos; os conídios constituem a principal fonte de inóculo fúngico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito dos fungicidas tebuconazole, propiconazole, triadimenol, triadimefon, flutriafol e mancozeb na inibição in vitro da germinação dos conídios. Os fungicidas mancozeb, triadimenol e propiconazole foram os mais eficientes na inibição da germinação dos conídios.The sorghum crop did not face serious problems with diseases in Brazil, until occurrence of sugary disease (sorghum ergot), caused by Claviceps africana, was recorded in 1995 in Brazilian sorghum fields. The pathogen infects panicles reducing the quantity and quality of the produced grains. Conidia are the main fungus inoculum. This work aimed to study the potential of fungicides tebuconazole, propiconazole, triadimenol, triadimefon, flutriafol and mancozeb in inhibiting conidia germination in vitro. The fungicides mancozeb, triadimenol and propiconazole were the most effective to inhibit the in vitro germination

Essential oils and whole milk in the control of soybean powdery mildew.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar e avaliar o potencial de oleos essenciais e leite de vaca integral no controle do oídio da soja e determinar as concentrações mais efetivas destes produtos na redução da severidade desta doença.201