Relationship of runoff, erosion and sediment yield to weather types in the Iberian Peninsula

Precipitation has been recognized as one of the main factors driving soil erosion and sediment yield (SY), and its spatial and temporal variability is recognized as one of themain reasons for spatial and temporal analyses of soil erosion variability. The weather types (WTs) approach classifies the continuumof atmospheric circulation into a small number of categories or types and has been proven a good indicator of the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation. Thus, themain objective of this study is to analyze the relationship betweenWTs, runoff, soil erosion (measured in plots), and sediment yield (measured in catchments) in different areas of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) with the aimof detecting spatial variations in these relationships. To this end, hydrological and sediment information covering the IP from several Spanish research teams has been combined, and related with daily WTs estimated by using the NMC/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. The results showthat, in general, a fewWTs (particularly westerly, southwesterly and cyclonic) provide the largest amounts of precipitation; and southwesterly, northwesterly and westerly WTs play an important role in runoff generation, erosion and sediment yield as they coincide with the wettest WTs. However, this study highlights the spatial variability of erosion and sediment yield in the IP according to WT, differentiating (1) areas under the influence of north and/or north-westerly flows (the north coast of Cantabria and inland central areas), (2) areas under the influence of westerly, southwesterly and cyclonic WTs (western and southwestern IP), (3) areas in which erosion and sediment yield are controlled by easterly flows (Mediterranean coastland), and (4) lastly, a transitional zone in the inland northeast Ebro catchment,wherewe detected a high variability in the effects ofWTs on erosion. Overall results suggest that the use of WTs derived fromobserved atmospheric pressure patterns could be a useful tool for inclusion in future projections of the spatial variability of erosion and sediment yield, as models capture pressure fields reliably

Homérica: estudiar y vivir el mundo griego (2020-2021)

Formación del alumno en la Antigüedad Clásica en doble orientación didáctica: teórica y teatral-artística, en conjunción. La teórica consiste en jornadas de conferencias y la práctica en un montaje teatral mitológico, a cargo de alumnos y profesores

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations

Social rights under the philosophy of liberal constitutionalism : European Union, financial crisis of 2008 and the future of the welfare state

El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Máster consiste en analizar desde la perspectiva de los derechos sociales y fundamentales de la persona, la evolución histórica del constitucionalismo español, la transición del régimen franquista hasta llegar al sistema constitucional actual. Así como analizar la perspectiva filosófico- jurídica bajo la cual se ha llevado el planteamiento de estas materias. La proclamación en España de la Constitución de 1978 así como la apertura de sus fronteras a Europa y al resto de países del mundo ha conllevado, sin duda, una serie de cambios en los planos jurídico y político que han dado lugar a la regulación de los derechos sociales que han supuesto una modificación de la concepción de los valores humanos y de la organización social en España, en línea con los principios inspiradores de los Tratados Internacionales de los que España ha pasado a formar parte, tales como la Unión Europea (1986) y la Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos (1950). Sin embargo, dicha incorporación no sólo ha conllevado cambios en la regulación, contenido e interpretación de dichos derechos, sino que a todo ello se une un macroproyecto de integración económica de todos los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea con gran incidencia en la soberanía de los Estados, sus Constituciones internas y su autonomía para establecer políticas sociales. Con la llegada de la crisis económica mundial a partir de 2008 España se ha visto al igual que el resto de los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea seriamente comprometida para desarrollar sus políticas sociales conforme al mandato constitucional. En el presente trabajo se abordará de qué manera España ha dado respuesta a esta problemática social, así como la incidencia que ello ha tenido en la jurisprudencia tanto del Tribunal Constitucional como de la jurisdicción ordinaria a la hora de delimitar los poderes del estado e interpretar tanto derechos sociales como los derechos fundamentales de la persona.The objective of this Master's Thesis is to analyze from the perspective of the social and fundamental rights of the person, the historical evolution of Spanish constitutionalism, the transition of the Franco regime until reaching the current constitutional system. As well as analyzing the philosophical-legal perspective under which the approach of these matters has been carried. The proclamation in Spain of the 1978 Constitution as well as the opening of its borders to Europe and the rest of the countries of the world has undoubtedly led to a series of changes in the legal and political levels that have led to the regulation of social rights that have led to a modification of the conception of human values and social organization in Spain, in line with the inspiring principles of the International Treaties of which Spain has become a part, such as the European Union (1986) and the European Convention of Human Rights (1950). However, this incorporation has not only led to changes in the regulation, content and interpretation of these rights, but also to all this is a macro-project of economic integration of all the member states of the European Union with a great impact on the sovereignty of the States, their internal Constitutions and their autonomy to establish social policies. With the arrival of the global economic crisis since 2008, Spain has been seen like the rest of the member states of the European Union seriously committed to develop their social policies in accordance with the constitutional mandate. This paper will address how Spain has responded to this social problem, as well as the impact that this has had on the jurisprudence of both the Constitutional Court and the ordinary jurisdiction when defining the powers of the state and interpreting both social rights as the fundamental rights of the person.Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155

Weather types, precipitation and soil erosion in the Iberian Peninsula

Trabajo presentado en la EGU General Assembly 2014 (European Geosciences Union), celebrada en Viena del 27 de abril al 2 de mayo de 2014.For a long time, precipitation has been recognized as one of the main factors driving soil erosion and sediment yield. In climatology, one of the most common approaches in analyzing precipitation is the circulation of weather types (WTs), which categorize the continuum of atmospheric circulation into a small number of classes or types. In the Iberian Peninsula (IP), previous researches have demonstrated the usefulness of the WT approach in determining the behavior of rainfall, and its spatial and temporal distribution. These studies have shown that specific weather types are the main driven factors of precipitation distribution accordingly different areas, and shown that precipitations depends on more WTs to the west than to the east of the IP. In this study, we present an analysis of weather types and sediment yield data from different study areas in the Iberian Peninsula. To do that we have collected and joint different research groups spread along the national Spanish land, and combine different databases with the WT classification calculated using the NMC/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. We discuss two main hypotheses: (i) there exist some links between weather types and soil erosion in the Iberian Peninsula, and then (ii) spatial patterns of sediment yield and erosion would be emerged in the Iberian Peninsula accordingly the spatial distribution of the relationship between WTs and sedimentary processes. This pioneer research, with different areas across the Iberian Peninsula will be a valuable tool in understanding the relationships between weather types, precipitation and soil erosion dynamics.N

Hydrological Signatures Based on Event Runoff Coefficients in Rural Catchments of the Iberian Peninsula

Hydrological signatures are indices that help to describe the behavior of catchments. These indices can also be used to transfer information from gauged to ungauged catchments. In this study, different approaches were evaluated to determine volumetric runoff coefficients in 18 small/medium experimental gauged catchments of the Iberian Peninsula and to fit runoff calculations based on precipitation data for gauged and ungauged catchments. Using data derived from 1962 events, rainfall-runoff relationships were characterized and compared in order to evaluate the various hydrological response patterns. Volumetric runoff coefficients and cumulative runoff and precipitation ratios of the events that generated runoff (Rcum) minimized the root mean square error. A linear fit for the estimation of Rcum in ungauged catchments was based on mean annual precipitation, rates of infiltration, the fraction of forest-land use, and the catchment channel length. Despite high catchment heterogeneity, Rcum resulted in a suitable parameter to evaluate hydrological variability in rural gauged and ungauged catchments. In 50% of the catchments, the precipitation accounted for less than 50% of the runoff variation. Annual precipitation, antecedent rainfall, and base flow did not have a high significance in rainfall-runoff relationships, which illustrates the heterogeneity of hydrological responses. Our results highlight the need for signature characterizations of small/medium rural catchments because they are the sources of runoff and sediment discharge into rivers, and it is more economical and efficient to take action to mitigate runoff in rural locations.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relationship of runoff, erosion and sediment yield to weather types in the Iberian Peninsula

Precipitation has been recognized as one of the main factors driving soil erosion and sediment yield (SY), and its spatial and temporal variability is recognized as one of themain reasons for spatial and temporal analyses of soil erosion variability. The weather types (WTs) approach classifies the continuumof atmospheric circulation into a small number of categories or types and has been proven a good indicator of the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation. Thus, themain objective of this study is to analyze the relationship betweenWTs, runoff, soil erosion (measured in plots), and sediment yield (measured in catchments) in different areas of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) with the aimof detecting spatial variations in these relationships. To this end, hydrological and sediment information covering the IP from several Spanish research teams has been combined, and related with daily WTs estimated by using the NMC/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. The results showthat, in general, a fewWTs (particularly westerly, southwesterly and cyclonic) provide the largest amounts of precipitation; and southwesterly, northwesterly and westerly WTs play an important role in runoff generation, erosion and sediment yield as they coincide with the wettest WTs. However, this study highlights the spatial variability of erosion and sediment yield in the IP according to WT, differentiating (1) areas under the influence of north and/or north-westerly flows (the north coast of Cantabria and inland central areas), (2) areas under the influence of westerly, southwesterly and cyclonic WTs (western and southwestern IP), (3) areas in which erosion and sediment yield are controlled by easterly flows (Mediterranean coastland), and (4) lastly, a transitional zone in the inland northeast Ebro catchment,wherewe detected a high variability in the effects ofWTs on erosion. Overall results suggest that the use of WTs derived fromobserved atmospheric pressure patterns could be a useful tool for inclusion in future projections of the spatial variability of erosion and sediment yield, as models capture pressure fields reliably

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the "Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm". The “Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change” (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS- Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdà thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernandez acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306)

Homérica: estudiar y vivir el mundo griego

Formación del alumno en la Antigüedad Clásica en doble orientación: teórica y teatral-artística, en conjunción. La teoría consiste en jornadas de conferencias y la práctica en un montaje teatral mitológico, a cargo de alumnos y profesores