19 research outputs found
A passive GHz frequency-division multiplexer/demultiplexer based on anisotropic magnon transport in magnetic nanosheets
The emerging field of magnonics employs spin waves and their quanta, magnons,
to implement wave-based computing on the micro- and nanoscale. Multi-frequency
magnon networks allow for parallel data processing within single logic elements
whereas this is not the case with conventional transistor-based electronic
logic. However, a lack of experimentally proven solutions to efficiently
combine and separate magnons of different frequencies has impeded the intensive
use of this concept. In this Letter, we demonstrate the experimental
realization of a spin-wave demultiplexer enabling frequency-dependent
separation of GHz signals. The device is based on two-dimensional magnon
transport in the form of spin-wave beams in unpatterned magnetic nanosheets.
The intrinsic frequency-dependence of the beam direction is exploited to
realize a passive functioning obviating an external control and additional
power consumption. This approach paves the way to magnonic multiplexing
circuits enabling simultaneous information transport and processing.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure
Temporal evolution of auto-oscillations in a YIG/Pt microdisc driven by pulsed spin Hall effect-induced spin-transfer torque
The temporal evolution of pulsed Spin Hall Effect - Spin Transfer Torque
(SHE-STT) driven auto-oscillations in a Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) / platinum
(Pt) microdisc is studied experimentally using time-resolved Brillouin Light
Scattering (BLS) spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the frequency of the
auto-oscillations is different in the center and at the edge of the
investigated disc that is related to the simultaneous STT excitation of a
bullet and a non-localized spin-wave mode. Furthermore, the magnetization
precession intensity is found to saturate on a time scale of 20 ns or longer,
depending on the current density. For this reason, our findings suggest that a
proper ratio between the current and the pulse duration is of crucial
importance for future STT-based devices.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era
Climate model projections suggest widespread drying in the Mediterranean Basin and wetting in Fennoscandia in the coming decades largely as a consequence of greenhouse gas forcing of climate. To place these and other “Old World” climate projections into historical perspective based on more complete estimates of natural hydroclimatic variability, we have developed the “Old World Drought Atlas” (OWDA), a set of year-to-year maps of tree-ring reconstructed summer wetness and dryness over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era. The OWDA matches historical accounts of severe drought and wetness with a spatial completeness not previously available. In addition, megadroughts reconstructed over north-central Europe in the 11th and mid-15th centuries reinforce other evidence from North America and Asia that droughts were more severe, extensive, and prolonged over Northern Hemisphere land areas before the 20th century, with an inadequate understanding of their causes. The OWDA provides new data to determine the causes of Old World drought and wetness and attribute past climate variability to forced and/or internal variability
Regional Patterns of Late Medieval and Early Modern European Building Activity Revealed by Felling Dates
Although variations in building activity are a useful indicator of societal well-being and demographic development, historical datasets for larger regions and longer periods are still rare. Here, we present 54,045 annually precise dendrochronological felling dates from historical construction timber from across most of Europe between 1250 and 1699 CE to infer variations in building activity. We use geostatistical techniques to compare spatiotemporal dynamics in past European building activity against independent demographic, economic, social and climatic data. We show that the felling dates capture major geographical patterns of demographic trends, especially in regions with dense data coverage. A particularly strong negative association is found between grain prices and the number of felling dates. In addition, a significant positive association is found between the number of felling dates and mining activity. These strong associations, with well-known macro-economic indicators from pre-industrial Europe, corroborate the use of felling dates as an independent source for exploring large-scale fluctuations of societal well-being and demographic development. Three prominent examples are the building boom in the Hanseatic League region of northeastern Germany during the 13th century, the onset of the Late Medieval Crisis in much of Europec. 1300, and the cessation of building activity in large parts of central Europe during armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648 CE). Despite new insights gained from our European-wide felling date inventory, further studies are needed to investigate changes in construction activity of high versus low status buildings, and of urban versus rural buildings, and to compare those results with a variety of historical documentary sources and natural proxy archives.</jats:p
Normalized 14C activity ratios (F14C) of an African baobab (Adansonia digitata) tree from Oman
Calender dating and annual character of the baobab's growth rings was confirmed by matching of highly resolved data of normalized 14C activity ratios (F14C) with the bomb peak.
Normalized 14C activity ratio (F14C) data was determined at ETH Zürich, Dep. of Earth Sciences, Labor für Ionenstrahlphysik (LIP) and was obtained from cellulose extracted with a base-acid-base-acid-bleaching procedure after (Němec et al., 2010). Cellulose samples were graphitized using an Automated Graphitization Equipment (AGE III) coupled to an elemental analyzer (EA: Vario MICRO cube; Wacker et al., 2010). Once graphitized, the samples were immediately pressed into targets to minimize their interaction with air and their 14C content was measured with a MICADAS mass spectrometer (Wacker et al., 2010a). With intention to minimize possible carry-over effects from the implementation of previous years' non-structural carbohydrates into the current year's wood cellulose, the samples for dating were selected from the last third of each growth ring structure and comprised fibres and vessels while steering clear of terminal parenchyma bands (TPB)which usually complete each Baobab tree ring. 5 individual TPBs were analyzed for 1960-1963 (n = 4) and for 2005. In addition, intra-tree-ring F14C analysis was performed on the tree rings of 1962 (6 samples) and 1963 (8 samples)