OPORTUNIDADES E DESAFIOS PARA MOÇAMBIQUE NA EXPANSÃO INDIANA EM ÁFRICA

This article aims to analyse the Indian interests in its expansion to the African countries, more specifically Mozambique. This approach has resulted in an increase in economic relations, more specifically in the growth in the volume of trade and foreign direct investment, including the transfer of technology and know-how to Mozambique, which represent opportunities and challenges for the later.O presente artigo tem como objectivo analisar os interesses indianos na sua expansão para os países Africanos mais concretamente Moçambique. Esta aproximação resultou no acréscimo das relações económicas mais concretamente no aumento do volume comércio e investimento directo estrangeiro incluindo a transferência de tecnologia e know-how para Moçambique que representam oportunidade e desafios para a mesma

Parceria da Índia com os Estados africanos - do passado ao presente : um enfoque nas relações estratégicas com Moçambique

Esta tese tem como principal objetivo reflectir sobre a evolução das relações bilaterais da Índia com os estados africanos com maior enfoque nas relações estratégicas com Moçambique. A principal hipótese está relacionada com os crescentes interesses geo-estratégicos da Índia pelos recursos energéticos e acesso ao Oceano Índico, que a leva estreitar laços com os estados africanos e fazer aliança estratégica com Moçambique. Neste contexto, a presença da diáspora indiana nos estados africanos, joga um papel importante na construção das novas relações que são de amizade mútua e de respeito tendo em conta o passado colonial que ambos partilham. Pode-se afirmar, também, que a cooperação Sul-Sul é outra plataforma usada pela Índia na sua aproximação bem como através da plataforma India Africa Forum Summit. Para auxiliar na elaboração da tese foram usados os seguintes métodos: quanto ao método de abordagem foi usado o hipotético-dedutivo; e quanto ao método de procedimento foram usados o histórico e comparativo. Em relação as técnicas, primeiro foi usada a bibliográfica, que ajudou na colecta de informações sobre as relações históricas e actuais da Índia e os estados africanos e no caso específico de Moçambique. A segunda técnica usada foi a documental para analisar o caso da Índia e Moçambique pois, não existem ainda estudos específicos das suas relações. Como principal resultado, esta tese demonstra que o crescimento económico da Índia a partir do final da guerra fria, leva a que esta se reaproxime dos estados africanos a procura de recursos energéticos e mercado estreitando os laços de parceria. Verifica-se também uma mudança nas prioridades de política externa indiana como como o Oceano Índico, recursos energéticos e mercado que passam a constar como prioridade da agenda diplomática. Coincidentemente, Moçambique, possui estas três componentes nas suas potencialidades o que fez com que a Índia desse passos consistentes na relação sua relação bilateral com Moçambique tornando-a num parceiro estratégico no continente africano. A principal conclusão desta tese é de que os interesses políticos e económicos da Índia mudaram a sua forma de actuação para com os países africanos, especialmente no caso de Moçambique.This thesis has as main objective to reflect on the evolution of bilateral relations between India and African states with a greater focus on strategic relations with Mozambique. The main hypothesis is related to India's growing geo-strategic interests in energy resources and access to the Indian Ocean, which leads it to strengthen ties with African states and foster a strategic alliance with Mozambique. In this context, the presence of the Indian diaspora in African states, plays an important role in the construction of new relationships of mutual friendship and respect taking into account the colonial past that both share. It can also be said that South-South cooperation is another platform used by India in its approach as well as through the India Africa Forum Summit platform. The following methods were used to assist in the elaboration of the thesis: as for the approach method, the hypothetical-deductive method was used; and as for the procedure method, historic and comparison were used. Regarding the techniques, the bibliography was first used, which helped in the collection of information on the historical and current relations of India and the African states, and in the specific case of Mozambique. The second technique used was the documentary to analyze the case of India and Mozambique because, there are still no specific studies of their relations. As a main result, this thesis demonstrates that the economic growth of India since the end of the cold war, led India to re-approximate to African states in search of energy resources and the market, strengthening the ties of partnership. There is also a shift in Indian foreign policy priorities such as the Indian Ocean, energy resources and the market that are now on the priority of diplomatic agenda. Coincidentally, Mozambique has these three components in its potential, which made India take consistent steps to promote the bilateral relationship with Mozambique turning into a strategic partner on the African continent. The main conclusion of this thesis is that India's political and economic interests have changed their way of acting towards African countries especially Mozambique

As relações entre a Índia e Moçambique: uma parceria estratégica (1947-2019)

The present article has as its theme India as a strategic partner of Mozambique. The main objective of the work is to describe and analyze the evolution of bilateral relations between India and Mozambique and to demonstrate how India has become a strategic partner for Mozambique. To this end, the article first describes the beginning of diplomatic relations and their outlines until today. Next, the growth of commercial relations is exposed and, finally, the investments made by India in Mozambique, mainly in the natural gas sector, are presented. The methods of analysis used were the comparative method and the historical method. The main hypothesis is related to India's growing geostrategic interests in energy resources and access to the Indian Ocean, which leads it to strengthen ties with African states and make a strategic alliance with Mozambique. The article brings as main results the evidences of how the deepening of the economic, political and security relations made India a strategic partner for Mozambique.O presente artigo tem como tema Índia como parceiro estratégico de Moçambique. O principal objectivo do trabalho é a descrição e análise da evolução das relações bilaterais entre Índia e Moçambique e, demonstrar como a Índia tornou-se num parceiro estratégico de Moçambique. Para tal, o artigo primeiro descreve o início das relações diplomáticas e seus contornos até os dias de hoje. De seguida é exposto o crescimento das relações comerciais e por fim são apresentados os investimentos feitos pela Índia em Moçambique, principalmente no sector de gás natural. A pesquisa é exploratória e o método de análise utilizado foi o método histórico. A principal hipótese está relacionada com os crescentes interesses geoestratégicos da Índia pelos recursos energéticos e acesso ao Oceano Índico, que a leva estreitar laços com os estados africanos e fazer aliança estratégica com Moçambique. O artigo traz como principais resultados as evidências de como o aprofundamento das relações econômicas, políticas e de segurança fez com que a Índia passasse a ser um parceiro estratégico para Moçambique

As relações entre a Índia e Moçambique: uma parceria estratégica (1947-2019)

The present article has as its theme India as a strategic partner of Mozambique. The main objective of the work is to describe and analyze the evolution of bilateral relations between India and Mozambique and to demonstrate how India has become a strategic partner for Mozambique. To this end, the article first describes the beginning of diplomatic relations and their outlines until today. Next, the growth of commercial relations is exposed and, finally, the investments made by India in Mozambique, mainly in the natural gas sector, are presented. The methods of analysis used were the comparative method and the historical method. The main hypothesis is related to India's growing geostrategic interests in energy resources and access to the Indian Ocean, which leads it to strengthen ties with African states and make a strategic alliance with Mozambique. The article brings as main results the evidences of how the deepening of the economic, political and security relations made India a strategic partner for Mozambique.O presente artigo tem como tema Índia como parceiro estratégico de Moçambique. O principal objectivo do trabalho é a descrição e análise da evolução das relações bilaterais entre Índia e Moçambique e, demonstrar como a Índia tornou-se num parceiro estratégico de Moçambique. Para tal, o artigo primeiro descreve o início das relações diplomáticas e seus contornos até os dias de hoje. De seguida é exposto o crescimento das relações comerciais e por fim são apresentados os investimentos feitos pela Índia em Moçambique, principalmente no sector de gás natural. A pesquisa é exploratória e o método de análise utilizado foi o método histórico. A principal hipótese está relacionada com os crescentes interesses geoestratégicos da Índia pelos recursos energéticos e acesso ao Oceano Índico, que a leva estreitar laços com os estados africanos e fazer aliança estratégica com Moçambique. O artigo traz como principais resultados as evidências de como o aprofundamento das relações econômicas, políticas e de segurança fez com que a Índia passasse a ser um parceiro estratégico para Moçambique

Human 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex E1 Component Forms a Thiamin-derived Radical by Aerobic Oxidation of the Enamine Intermediate.

Herein are reported unique properties of the human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHc), a rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. (a) Functionally competent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1o-h) and dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase components have been expressed according to kinetic and spectroscopic evidence. (b) A stable free radical, consistent with the C2-(C2alpha-hydroxy)-gamma-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) cation radical was detected by electron spin resonance upon reaction of the E1o-h with 2-oxoglutarate (OG) by itself or when assembled from individual components into OGDHc. (c) An unusual stability of the E1o-h-bound C2-(2alpha-hydroxy)-gamma-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (the "ThDP-enamine"/C2alpha-carbanion, the first postdecarboxylation intermediate) was observed, probably stabilized by the 5-carboxyl group of OG, not reported before. (d) The reaction of OG with the E1o-h gave rise to superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (reactive oxygen species (ROS)). (e) The relatively stable enzyme-bound enamine is the likely substrate for oxidation by O2, leading to the superoxide anion radical (in d) and the radical (in b). (f) The specific activity assessed for ROS formation compared with the NADH (overall complex) activity, as well as the fraction of radical intermediate occupying active centers of E1o-h are consistent with each other and indicate that radical/ROS formation is an "off-pathway" side reaction comprising less than 1% of the "on-pathway" reactivity. However, the nearly ubiquitous presence of OGDHc in human tissues, including the brain, makes these findings of considerable importance in human metabolism and perhaps disease

Foreign Body Aspiration of a Dental Bridge in the Left Main Stem Bronchus

Aspiration of tracheobronchial foreign bodies is a life-threatening event that occurs mainly in children. Occurrence in adults is rare and usually has a subtle presentation as most adults are unaware of aspiration of any foreign material. Decreased levels of consciousness, sedation, and neuromuscular diseases are major risk factors for foreign body aspiration in adults. Prompt diagnosis and intervention through foreign body retrieval are critical to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. Retrieval procedure is risky, and sudden decompensation of the patient can occur anytime. We are presenting an adult who accidentally aspirated his dental prosthesis during sleep and underwent successful retrieval of the dental bridge using flexible bronchoscopy

Paracrine Induction of HIF by Glutamate in Breast Cancer: EglN1 Senses Cysteine

The HIF transcription factor promotes adaptation to hypoxia and stimulates the growth of certain cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The HIFα subunit is usually prolyl-hydroxylated by EglN family members under normoxic conditions, causing its rapid degradation. We confirmed that TNBC cells secrete glutamate, which we found is both necessary and sufficient for the paracrine induction of HIF1α in such cells under normoxic conditions. Glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamate-cystine antiporter, leading to intracellular cysteine depletion. EglN1, the main HIFα prolyl-hydroxylase, undergoes oxidative self-inactivation in the absence of cysteine both in biochemical assays and in cells, resulting in HIF1α accumulation. Therefore, EglN1 senses both oxygen and cysteine

Human 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex E1 Component Forms a Thiamin-derived Radical by Aerobic Oxidation of the Enamine Intermediate.

Herein are reported unique properties of the human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHc), a rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. (a) Functionally competent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1o-h) and dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase components have been expressed according to kinetic and spectroscopic evidence. (b) A stable free radical, consistent with the C2-(C2alpha-hydroxy)-gamma-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) cation radical was detected by electron spin resonance upon reaction of the E1o-h with 2-oxoglutarate (OG) by itself or when assembled from individual components into OGDHc. (c) An unusual stability of the E1o-h-bound C2-(2alpha-hydroxy)-gamma-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (the "ThDP-enamine"/C2alpha-carbanion, the first postdecarboxylation intermediate) was observed, probably stabilized by the 5-carboxyl group of OG, not reported before. (d) The reaction of OG with the E1o-h gave rise to superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (reactive oxygen species (ROS)). (e) The relatively stable enzyme-bound enamine is the likely substrate for oxidation by O2, leading to the superoxide anion radical (in d) and the radical (in b). (f) The specific activity assessed for ROS formation compared with the NADH (overall complex) activity, as well as the fraction of radical intermediate occupying active centers of E1o-h are consistent with each other and indicate that radical/ROS formation is an "off-pathway" side reaction comprising less than 1% of the "on-pathway" reactivity. However, the nearly ubiquitous presence of OGDHc in human tissues, including the brain, makes these findings of considerable importance in human metabolism and perhaps disease

Detection of the time-course of thiamin-bound intermediates on enzymatic pathways using steady state and time-resolved spectroscopy

Since the discovery of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP, active form of vitamin B1) as active cofactor in 1937 by Lohmann and Schuster, its catalytic mechanism has become an interest of many enzymologist. The ThDP-dependent enzymes catalyze a variety of enzymatic reactions including decarboxylation, condensation, ligation etc. Here is reported a mechanistic study carried out with multiple ThDP enzymes: Escherichia coli 1-deoxy- D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) synthase, E. coli E1 component (E1o) of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHc), yeast pyruvate decarboxylase (YPDC) and benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) by using state-of-the art instruments: the circular dichroism (CD) method can monitor events on the enzyme itself followed by pre-steady state rate determination by stopped-flow (SF) CD, the NMR method monitors ThDP-bound intermediates after release from the enzyme (fortuitously all the major ones are stable in acid), and is also useful to provide positive identification of the species seen in the CD spectrum. Several of these enzymes have in common initial pyruvate decarboxylation to form aldehyde or carboligation products. Steady state and pre-steady state analysis with the enzyme DXP synthase, enabled observation of remarkable stabilization of ThDP-bound pre-decarboxylation intermediate C2α-lactylThDP (LThDP) on the enzyme with pyruvate, and subsequent LThDP decarboxylation greatly accelerated by the second substrate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) by at least 600-fold. Further stabilization of LThDP was observed on DXP synthase variants Y392F, R478A and R420A which are shown to be essential for binding of D-GAP, without affecting the LThDP decarboxylation rates in the presence of GAP. While DXP synthase stabilizes pre-decarboxylation intermediate LThDP, the enzyme E1o from E. coli on decarboxlation of 2-oxoglutarate stabilizes the resulting enamine intermediate followed by hydroxy-carboxypropylidene-ThDP radical formation (with both substrates 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate), characterized by CD, SFCD, NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The E. coli E1o was also used in the chiral synthesis of α-hydroxy ketones with good yield and high enantiomeric excess, by varying both the 2-oxoacid substrates and exogenous aldehydes. Next, The conjugated 2-oxoacid substrates acetyl pyruvate, its methyl ester and (E)-4-(4 chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid (CPB) with thiamin enzymes YPDC, BAL and E1o led to formation of charge transfer bands on the enzymes which are attributed to transitions between the thiazolium ring of thiamin and a C2-β, γ double bond.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Hetalben Pate