Differential association of somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression and anxiety with inflammation:Findings from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)

SummaryObjectiveDepression and anxiety have been suggested to be associated with systemic inflammation upregulation. However, results are not always consistent, which may be due to symptom heterogeneity of depression and anxiety. There are some indications that associations with inflammation are mainly driven by somatic symptoms of depression and anxiety. We therefore set out to evaluate the differential association of somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression and anxiety with inflammation, while adjusting for demographic, health related, and lifestyle related variables.MethodsWe evaluated baseline data from 2861 participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. For both scales somatic and cognitive symptoms scales were calculated. Baseline blood samples were collected to determine high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α. We used linear regression to analyze the associations adjusting for demographics and health indicators and markers for an unhealthy lifestyle.ResultsAfter adjustment for sociodemographic and health indicators, depressive symptoms were associated with higher levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. This association was mainly driven by somatic symptoms. For anxiety, somatic symptoms were associated with higher levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α, whereas cognitive anxiety symptoms were associated with CRP (men only). Markers of an unhealthy lifestyle explained the significant associations.ConclusionsEspecially somatic symptoms of depression and anxiety are associated with inflammation. However, this association was mostly mediated through unhealthy lifestyles among depressed and anxious individuals

Il senato e la "damnatio memoriae" da Caligola a Domiziano

Caligula and Nero were not condemned post mortem by the senate. Thus Domitian was the first emperor who suffered an official damnatio memoriae, in AD 96

Associations between depressive and anxiety disorders and characteristics with inflammatory markers

Stress-related psychiatric disorders across the life spa

Depression trajectories, inflammation, and lifestyle factors in adolescence: The TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey

Objective: In adults, depression and inflammation are bidirectionally related. This association is less clear in adolescents. Moreover, somatic and cognitive depressive symptoms might be differentially related to inflammation. Lifestyle factors, as in adults, may play an important mediating role in adolescents. For the current study we evaluated trajectories of depressive symptoms in adolescence over a 5-year course and their relation with subsequent high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, and examined lifestyle factors as mediators. Method: Participants of the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives’ Survey (TRAILS; N = 1166) were followed from 2001 until 2008. Three biennial youth self-report (YSR) assessments of depressive symptoms were taken. Demographics, health, and lifestyle factors and levels of hsCRP were assessed at Wave 3. Latent-class analysis was used to determine trajectories of depression and general linear models to determine the association between depression trajectories and hsCRP. Finally, mediation analysis was performed to test mediation of lifestyle factors. Results: Persistently moderate to high depressive symptoms were associated with higher hsCRP levels. Results were unaltered when we adjusted for demographics and health variables. Smoking mediated the association between depressive symptoms total score and hsCRP, in large part. Persistently higher scores on somatic and cognitive symptom subscales were associated with higher levels of hsCRP than persistently low scores. These results were rendered nonsignificant after covariate adjustment. Conclusion: Persistent depressive symptoms were associated with subsequent higher levels of hsCRP, with somatic and cognitive symptoms contributing equally. The association was mediated by smoking behavior. These findings suggest that reducing adolescent depression and smoking are important starting points in the prevention of inflammatory diseases

Pathogen Burden.

<p>Distribution of number of pathogens in percentages, present in the adolescent population.</p

Association between the presence and levels of viral antibodies and immediate memory two years later, as measured by the immediate recall part of the 15 words task.

<p>HSV1  =  Herpes Simplex Virus 1, HSV2  =  Herpes Simplex Virus 2, EBV  =  Epstein Barr Virus, CMV  =  Cytomegalovirus.</p><p>Outcomes of multiple regression analyses with bootstrapping, adjusted for gender, SES, ethnicity, and cannabis use.</p

Association between the presence and levels of viral antibodies and executive functioning two years later, as measured by Self Ordered Pointing Task.

<p>HSV1  =  Herpes Simplex Virus 1, HSV2  =  Herpes Simplex Virus 2, EBV  =  Epstein Barr Virus, CMV  =  Cytomegalovirus.</p><p>Outcomes of multiple regression analyses with bootstrapping, adjusted for gender, SES, ethnicity, and cannabis use.</p

Depressive symptoms and white blood cell count in coronary heart disease patients:Prospective findings from the Heart and Soul Study

<p>Background: Depression has been associated with elevated white blood cell (WBC) count - indicative of systemic inflammation - in cross-sectional studies, but no longitudinal study has evaluated whether depressive symptoms predict subsequent WBC count or vice versa. We sought to evaluate the bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and WBC count in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).</p><p>Methods: Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and annually during 5 consecutive years of follow-up in 667 outpatients with stable CHD from the Heart and Soul Study. The presence of significant depressive symptoms was defined as a score of >= 10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) at one or more assessments. WBC count was measured in blood samples collected at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up.</p><p>Results: Of the 667 participants, 443 (66%) had no depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 <10), 86 (13%) had depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 >= 10) at 1 assessment, and 138 (21%) had depressive symptoms at 2 or more annual assessments. Across the three groups, participants with recurrent depressive symptoms had higher WBC levels after 5 years of follow-up (p <.001). This relationship was essentially unchanged after adjustment for demographics, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac disease severity, inflammatory cytokine levels, and health behaviors (p = .009). Baseline WBC count was not associated with subsequent depressive symptoms (p = .18).</p><p>Conclusions: Depressive symptoms independently predicted higher subsequent WBC count in patients with stable CHD, but baseline WBC count did not predict subsequent depressive symptoms. These findings support a unidirectional relationship in which depression is a risk-factor for inflammation. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>