Scaling from single-point sap velocity measurements to stand transpiration in a multi-species deciduous forest: uncertainty sources, stand structure effect, and future scenarios impacts

ABSTRACT A major challenge in studies estimating stand water use in mixed-species forests is how to effectively scale data from individual trees to the stand. This is the case for forest ecosystems in the northeastern USA where differences in water use among species and across different size classes have not been extensively studied, despite their relevance for a wide range of ecosystem services. Our objectives were to assess the importance of different sources of variability ontranspiration upscaling and explore the potential impacts of future shifts in species composition on forest water budget. We measured sap velocity in five tree species (Fagus grandiflora, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera) in a mature and young stand in NH (USA). Our results showed that the greatest potential source of error was radial variability and that tree size was more important than species in determining sap velocity. Total sapwood area was demonstrated to exert a strong controlling influence on transpiration, varying depending on tree size and species. We conclude that the effect of potential species shifts on transpirationwill depend on the sap velocity, determined mainly by radial variation and tree size, but also on the sapwood area distribution in the stand

Scaling from single-point sap velocity measurements to stand transpiration in a multi-species deciduous forest: uncertainty sources, stand structure effect, and future scenarios impacts

ABSTRACT A major challenge in studies estimating stand water use in mixed-species forests is how to effectively scale data from individual trees to the stand. This is the case for forest ecosystems in the northeastern USA where differences in water use among species and across different size classes have not been extensively studied, despite their relevance for a wide range of ecosystem services. Our objectives were to assess the importance of different sources of variability ontranspiration upscaling and explore the potential impacts of future shifts in species composition on forest water budget. We measured sap velocity in five tree species (Fagus grandiflora, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera) in a mature and young stand in NH (USA). Our results showed that the greatest potential source of error was radial variability and that tree size was more important than species in determining sap velocity. Total sapwood area was demonstrated to exert a strong controlling influence on transpiration, varying depending on tree size and species. We conclude that the effect of potential species shifts on transpirationwill depend on the sap velocity, determined mainly by radial variation and tree size, but also on the sapwood area distribution in the stand

TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION STATE OF MEXICO, 1980-2015

The purpose of this article is to analyze the territorial distribution of the demographic transition in the State of Mexico, during the period 1980 -2015. The demographic transition for the State of Mexico presents a differentiated evolution over time and territory. The indicators considered are the birth rate and death rate, calculated based on registered births and registered hospital deaths, respectively; as well as the total population for the period 1980-2015. The statistical methods used are the Mean Index Value (MIV) and the bivariate analysis, which gave the guideline to generate the spatial-temporal behavior of the demographic transition and to elaborate the corresponding cartography. Some findings indicate that in the State of Mexico the demographic transition presents four stages: two of them in extensive regions: as the late stage mainly in the west; the full stage in the center and west of the state; the moderate and advanced stages are presented in small regions at random.

Distribución territorial de la transición demográfica en el Estado de México, 1980-2015

The demographic transition for the State of Mexico has presented differences through time and space. This work begins with the elaboration of the graphic analysis of the general population and by large age groups for the State of Mexico, which shows a panorama of the change in the distribution of the population. The research is about the territorial distribution of the demographic transition, where the different areas correspond to the stages of the transition. This was generated by obtaining percentages of the total population of the entity for each group; while the territorial determination of the various stages of the demographic transition was based on different methods that resulted in this distribution. The indicators considered in the demographic transition were the birth and death rates, using as a base the variables of registered births and registered hospital deaths, as well as the total population for the period 1980-2020. The statistical methods used were the Mean Index Value (MIV) and bivariate analysis. The results obtained show that the distribution of some stages of the demographic transition for the State of Mexico is randomly distributed.La transición demográfica para el Estado de México se ha presentado en forma diferenciada a través del tiempo y el espacio. Este trabajo inicia con un análisis gráfico sobre la población general y por grandes grupos de edad para el Estado de México, que permite mostrar un panorama del cambio en la distribución de la población. La investigación aborda la distribución territorial de la transición demográfica, donde se determinan las diversas áreas correspondientes a las etapas de la misma. El análisis se generó mediante la obtención de porcentajes acerca de la población total de la entidad por cada grupo; en tanto que la realización de la determinación territorial de las diversas etapas de la transición demográfica, se basó en distintos métodos que dieron como resultado esta distribución. Los indicadores considerados son la tasa de natalidad y mortalidad, usando como base las variables de los nacimientos registrados y las defunciones hospitalarias registradas, así como la población total del periodo 1980-2020. Los métodos estadísticos empleados son el Valor Índice Medio (VIM) y de análisis bivariado Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la distribución de algunas etapas de la transición demográfica para el Estado de México se distribuye de forma aleatoria

Análisis temporal del riesgo por malformaciones congénitas atribuibles al uso de plaguicidas en el corredor florícola del Estado de México

Se analizó el comportamiento temporal (1998-2013) de las tasas de mortalidad fetal e infantil de anencefalia (q00) y espina bífida (q05), cuya etiología puede derivar de la exposición a los plaguicidas. Se compararon los municipios del corredor florícola del Estado de México de mayor actividad agrícola con aquellos de menor actividad, a través del uso de medidas de asociación, bajo un estudio de tipo ecológico retrospectivo. Los resultados indican una posible asociación con un riesgo de defunciones fetales por anencefalia más alto en las zonas expuestas (or 3.4; ic 95% 2.72-4.27; ar 65.2%), asimismo para la mortalidad infantil por espina bífida (or 7.1; ic 95% 4.51-11.12; ar 79.8%), ambos con p < 0.05 utilizando la prueba exacta de Fisher

WatchPlant: Networked Bio-hybrid Systems for Pollution Monitoring of Urban Areas

[EN] Growing cities are a world-wide phenomenon and simultaneously awareness about potential dangers due to air pollution, heat, and pathogens is increasing. Integrated and permanent monitoring of environmental features in cities can help to establish an early warning system and to provide data for policy makers. In our new project `WatchPlant,¿ we propose a green approach for urban monitoring by a network of sensors tightly coupled with natural plants. We want to develop a sustainable, energy-efficient bio-hybrid system that harvests energy from living plants and utilizes methods of phytosensing, that is, using natural plants as sensors. We present our concept, here with focus on Alife-related methods operating on the gathered plant data and the bio-hybrid network. With a self-organizing network of sensors, that are alive, we hope to contribute to our future of livable green cities.Project WatchPlant has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the FET grant agreement, no. 101017899. Project Biohybrids is funded by H2020 program, grant agreement no. 945773.Hamann, H.; Bogdan, S.; Diaz-Espejo, A.; García-Carmona, L.; Hernandez-Santana, V.; Kernbach, S.; Kernbach, A.... (2021). WatchPlant: Networked Bio-hybrid Systems for Pollution Monitoring of Urban Areas. MIT Press. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_003771

Biohybrid systems for environmental intelligence on living plants: WatchPlant project

[EN] New challenges such as climate change and sustainability arise in society influencing not only environmental issues but human's health directly. To face these new challenges IT technologies and their application to environmental intelligent monitoring become into a powerful tool to set new policies and blueprints to contribute to social good. In the new H2020 project, WatchPlant will provide new tools for environmental intelligence monitoring by the use of plants as "well-being" sensors of the environment they inhabit. This will be possible by equipping plants with a net of communicated wireless self-powered sensors, coupled with artificial intelligence (AI) to become plants into "biohybrid organisms" to test exposure-effects links between plant and the environment. It will become plants into a new tool to be aware of the environment status in a very early stage towards in-situ monitoring. Additionally, the system is devoted to be sustainable and energy-efficient thanks to the use of clean energy sources such as solar cells and a enzymatic biofuel cell (BFC) together with its self-deployment, self-awareness, adaptation, artificial evolution and the AI capabilities. In this concept paper, WatchPlant will envision how to face this challenge by joining interdisciplinary efforts to access the plant sap for energy harvesting and sensing purposes and become plants into "biohybrid organisms" to benefit social good in terms of environmental monitoring in urban scenarios.Project WatchPlant has received funding from the European Union¿s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the FET grant agreement, no. 101017899.García-Carmona, L.; Bogdan, S.; Diaz-Espejo, A.; Dobielewski, M.; Hamann, H.; Hernandez-Santana, V.; Kernbach, A.... (2021). Biohybrid systems for environmental intelligence on living plants: WatchPlant project. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). 210-215. https://doi.org/10.1145/3462203.347588521021

Observatorio Geográfico: Salud y Riesgos en México

En el año 2017, a vísperas de su culminación se publica el presente libro, en donde se abordan algunos de los temas del observatorio geográfico, cuya base teórica se centra en la Geografía de la salud, que nunca fue tan amplia y diversa en su objetivo como lo es hoy en día, además es un área científica que ha ido prosperando ampliamente en los últimos años y cuyos resultados en la actualidad son cada vez más visibles. Además de ello, el estudio sobre la salud humana ofrece al analista del territorio la oportunidad de aportar conocimiento sobre la distribución espacial de enfermedades importantes que aquejan la sociedad, presentando directamente las desigualdades ante la muerte, la enfermedad y la salud, articulando hechos naturales y sociale

Hydraulic Traits Emerge as Relevant Determinants of Growth Patterns in Wild Olive Genotypes Under Water Stress

The hydraulic traits of plants, or the efficiency of water transport throughout the plant hydraulic system, could help to anticipate the impact of climate change and improve crop productivity. However, the mechanisms explaining the role of hydraulic traits on plant photosynthesis and thus, plant growth and yield, are just beginning to emerge. We conducted an experiment to identify differences in growth patterns at leaf, root and whole plant level among four wild olive genotypes and to determine whether hydraulic traits may help to explain such differences through their effect on photosynthesis. We estimated the relative growth rate (RGR), and its components, leaf gas exchange and hydraulic traits both at the leaf and whole-plant level in the olive genotypes over a full year. Photosynthetic capacity parameters were also measured. We observed different responses to water stress in the RGRs of the genotypes studied being best explained by changes in the net CO2 assimilation rate (NAR). Further, net photosynthesis, closely related to NAR, was mainly determined by hydraulic traits, both at leaf and whole-plant levels. This was mediated through the effects of hydraulic traits on stomatal conductance. We observed a decrease in leaf area: sapwood area and leaf area: root area ratios in water-stressed plants, which was more evident in the olive genotype Olea europaea subsp. guanchica (GUA8), whose RGR was less affected by water deficit than the other olive genotypes. In addition, at the leaf level, GUA8 water-stressed plants presented a better photosynthetic capacity due to a higher mesophyll conductance to CO2 and a higher foliar N. We conclude that hydraulic allometry adjustments of whole plant and leaf physiological response were well coordinated, buffering the water stress experienced by GUA8 plants. In turn, this explained their higher relative growth rates compared to the rest of the genotypes under water-stress conditions

A regulated deficit irrigation strategy for hedgerow olive orchards with high plant density

Background & Aims There is not a consensus on the best irrigation approach for super-high density (SHD) olive orchards. Our aim was to design and test a regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategy for a sustainable balance between water saving, tree vigour and oil production. Methods We tested our RDI strategy for 3 years in an ‘Arbequina’ orchard with 1,667 trees ha−1. Two levels of irrigation reduction were applied, 60RDI and 30RDI, scaled to replacing 60 % and 30 %, respectively, of the of irrigation needs (IN). We also had a full irrigation (FI) treatment as control, with IN totalling 4,701 m3 ha−1 Results The 30RDI treatment showed the best balance between water saving, tree vigour and oil production. With a yearly irrigation amount (IA) of 1,366 m3 ha−1, which meant 72 % water saving as compared to FI, the reduction in oil yield was 26 % only. Conclusions Our results, together with recent knowledge on the effect of water stress on fruit development, allowed us to suggest a potentially improved RDI strategy for which a total IA of ca. 2,100 m3 ha−1 was calculated. Both some management details and the benefits of this suggested RDI strategy are still to be tested