Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Speleogenesis of Sistema Huautla in Oaxaca, Mexico

Sierra Mazateca, Mexico is home to Sistema Huautla, the deepest cave in the Western hemisphere with 1,560 meters of depth and 90 kilometers of passage, including 26 entrances distributed in a high-relief, karstified terrain, within the Sistema Huautla Karst Groundwater Basin. Exploration of the cave has generated research questions about its evolution and geomorphology given the different vadose and phreatic zones impacted by tectonic and incision processes. Dye traces during this study of Cueva de La Peña Colorada confirmed it is a fossil resurgence of the cave system. An additional cave, Cueva Elysium, was connected hydrologically in 2019, expanding the basin and recharge area for the cave system. Four springs were monitored at high-resolution along the Rio Santo Doming for water level, temperature, and specific conductivity in 2019. The dye trace results indicate connection between the springs and that primary dissolution likely occurs at the water table and phreatic zone, due to the extreme verticality of the cave system, while flood responses are rapid and short-lived, despite seasonal storms. Results from this study also help aid in understanding and managing water resources in the region, further exploration of the cave system and potential connections, and the future evolution of Sistema Huautla under a changing climate as exploration continues

Household private saving and public pensions in Germany and the United States:¿Does the life-cycle hypothesis hold?

This paper details how ageing is affecting to private saving and public pensions. In this way, it analyses if Life-Cycle Hypothesis is carrying out for individuals about their saving behaviours and if Pension Public Systems can make them to vary. For this reason, it establishes a specifically household saving comparative for Germany and Unites States, studying also their ageing evolution and pay capacity of public pension retirement.life–cycle hypothesis, private saving, pension public system, ageing, Germany, United States

Analysis of concentration in the spanish electricity output after liberalisation

This paper is about the Spanish Electricity Market after liberalisation. The analysis focuses on finding if the market has become as a Perfect Competition regimen or on the other side, he still continues as a regimen in wich a high output supply concentration and high power market appears, not allowing free-market prices as a consequence. Regarding on it, CTC´s are especially important, being responsible of voluntary actions of increasing prices by Electricity Companies with high market power, just trying to maximise incomes illegally.Liberalization, electricity output, competition and market power, Industry Concentration Indexes, energy prices, Competence Transition Costs

Caracterización mololecular de corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis aislados de muestras de casos clínicos de linfadenitis caseosa en ovinos y caprinos

La Linfadenitis caseosa (LC) o pseudotuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa, de evolución crónica, causada por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Debido a su curso crónico y poca respuesta al tratamiento es difícil erradicar la infección una vez que se establece. Por ello, las estrategias para establecer los programas de prevención, control y erradicación de la enfermedad deben ser integrales. Algunos de los aspectos limitantes para el control de LC es que no existen pruebas de diagnóstico suficientemente sensibles y específicas para establecer el diagnóstico en la fase precoz y fase clínica visceral; además, las vacunas y bacterinas no han arrojado resultados satisfactorios en modelos de animales experimentales. En investigaciones previas se han aislado cepas de diferentes lesiones que afectan a cabras y ovinos, estas han sido secuenciadas totalmente o parte de sus genes. Sin embargo, hasta ahora en México no existe un estudio establecido donde se identifique mediante técnicas moleculares y filogenéticas las cepas circulantes en nuestras explotaciones y por tanto no se sabe si la enfermedad es sub-diagnosticada. En el presente estudio se partió de 69 aislamientos de C. pseudotuberculosis para realizar la identificación bacteriológica, bioquímica y molecular, se utilizaron pruebas bacteriológicas y bioquímicas convencionales, un Kit comercial Api Coryne, PCR Multiplex con los genes 16s, rpoB y pld e identificación por PCR punto final genes involucrados en la virulencia y patogenicidad Fag A, Fag B, Fag C y Fag D además de un análisis filogenético basado en la secuencia parcial del gen rpoB. Se logró caracterizar fenotípica y genotípicamente el 86.95% (60/69) de los aislados de campo de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, además de identificar en el 98.3 % (59/60) de los aislados los genes involucrados en la virulencia y patogenicidad. Se logró identificar el 100% (60/60) de los aislamientos mediante el análisis filogenético la especie y subespecie a la que pertenecen. Además se logró identificar por primera vez un asilado de C. xerosis en un absceso cutáneo de ovino

Factors that affect the ability of universities to commercialize their patents in a latin american country

The main purpose for this study was to find out which factors at the university level affect the ability to commercialize their invention patents in a Latin American country. Twenty-one Colombian universities participated in this study. The information was treated by the Partial Least Squares regression (PLS) path model. The primary information was obtained from the application of a survey to a random sample of 87 invention patents, whose holder is a Colombian university. Of the answers received, the one that generates the most concern is the fact that almost 80% of patents of invention have not been commercialized. This discovery is new for the Colombian case and it is something for which until now there was no scientific evidence. This not only questions the effectiveness of the country's Innovation System, but also forces to review the processes of scientific research and patenting carried out by universities. It demonstrates weaknesses in academic entrepreneurship to the extent that scientific research is not producing commercial applications capable of generating revenue and incomes for those universities. For its part, the determination level R² values of the endogenous constructs considered substantial the variable Closeness to the market (58.8%) which turns out to be the most determining factor in order to achieve an effective commercialization of patents in this country. This explains the poor ability of Colombian universities to commercialize their patents and it gives the management of innovation and university research the challenge of promoting the "exploitation of knowledge" through three strategies: 1) better market research; 2) strengthening relations with industry; and 3) the prior identification of the real possibilities of commercialization of its innovations.El objetivo principal de este estudio fue descubrir qué factores a nivel universitario afectan la capacidad de comercializar sus patentes de invención en un país latinoamericano. 21 universidades colombianas participaron en este estudio. La información se trató mediante el modelo de regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS). La información primaria se obtuvo de la aplicación de una encuesta a una muestra aleatoria de 87 patentes de invención, cuyo titular es alguna universidad colombiana. De las respuestas recibidas, la que genera mayor preocupación es el hecho de que casi el 80% de las patentes de invención no se han comercializado. Este descubrimiento es nuevo para el caso colombiano y es algo para lo que hasta ahora no había evidencia científica. Esto no solo cuestiona la efectividad del Sistema de Innovación del país, sino que también obliga a revisar los procesos de investigación científica y patentes llevados a cabo por las universidades. Ello demuestra debilidades en el espíritu empresarial académico en la medida en que la investigación científica no está produciendo aplicaciones comerciales capaces de generar ingresos para esas universidades. Por su parte, los valores del nivel de determinación R² de las construcciones endógenas considera sustancial la variable Cercanía al mercado (58.8%) que resulta ser un factor determinante para lograr una comercialización efectiva de patentes en este país. Esto explica la escasa habilidad de las universidades colombianas para comercializar sus patentes y entrega a la gerencia de la innovación e investigación universitaria el desafío de impulsar la "explotación del conocimiento" a través de tres estrategias: 1) una mejor investigación de mercado; 2) el fortalecimiento de las relaciones con la industria; y 3) la identificación previa de las posibilidades reales de comercialización de sus innovaciones.Tesi

Global economy dynamics? Panel data approach to spillover effects

Over the past year, there has been considerable debate about how the slowing of the United States and other major developed economies affects output growth across the world. The main purpose of this paper is to establish relevant conclusions on how the U.S., Euro Area and Japan gross domestic product growth affect international business cycle fluctuations, with the objective of identifying the main factors that influence spillovers into other countries. Using panel data regression, we conclude that output growth in the U.S. and Euro area are significant in explaining output growth across countries. Depending on the specifications, trade linkages play a significant role while financial linkages with respect to the three regions does not (except in one particular specification). There are signs of potential omitted variable bias in some regression indicating that some relevant variables have not been taken into account. There is also clear evidence of a structural change in the transmission mechanism of shocks after 1985 – since when shocks have become more country-specific.Output Growth, Trade and Financial Linkages, Structural Break, Cross- Section Panel Data.