Chronic disease relapses: A cross-sectional study of the associated factors and socioeconomic inequalities during the COVID- 19 pandemic in Peru

Objectives To investigate the prevalence, associated factors and socioeconomic inequalities in chronic disease relapses (CDR) during 2020 in Peru. Methods A secondary analysis was made of the National Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty (ENAHO) 2020. Participants older than 18 years who suffered from a chronic disease and with information about the occurrence of a CDR in the last 4 weeks prior to the survey were included. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were estimated to determine the associated factors. Socioeconomic inequality in CDR was estimated using concentration curves (CC) and the Erreygers concentration index (ECI). Results Data from 38,662 participants were analyzed; the prevalence of CDR in the last 4 weeks prior to the survey was 16.5% (95% CI: 15.8-17.2). Being female (aPR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.21- 1.37), with regards to being male; being 30-39 (aPR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.42), 40-49 (aPR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.12-1.48), 50-59 (aPR 1.60; 95% CI: 1.41-1.82), and 60 years or older (aPR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.58-2.04), compared to 18-29; reaching up to primary (aPR 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), or secondary education (aPR 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02-1.24), in contrast to tertiary education; presenting some physical, psychological or cognitive limitation (aPR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.21-1.46), with respect to experiencing no limitations; and being affiliated to a health insurance (aPR 1.18; CI 95%: 1.09-1.29), opposed to not having health insurance; were associated with a higher probability of CDR. Residing in the natural region of the coastal area (aPR 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74-0.92) was associated with a lower probability of relapse compared to residing in the jungle area. In people with limitations and residents of the jungle areas, the prevalence of CDR was concentrated in those with higher per capita spending. Conclusions Approximately 1 in 6 Peruvians with chronic diseases had a relapse within the last 4 weeks prior to the survey of 2020 and certain geographic and sociodemographic factors were found to be associated with CDR. It was also found that a higher concentration of CDR was observed in the population with the highest per capita spending with some limitations, as well as in residents of the jungle, implying the need for appropriate policy interventions that address CDR with a special focus on these populations.Revisión por pare

Earlywood and Latewood Widths of Picea chihuahuana Show Contrasting Sensitivity to Seasonal Climate

The existence of endangered tree species in Mexico necessitates an understanding of their vulnerability to the predicted climate changes (warming and drying trends). In this study, the sensitivity to climate of earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) widths of the threatened Picea chihuahuana was determined. The response of EW and LW to climate variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and a drought index) was analyzed by means of correlation analysis using dendrochronology over the period of 1950–2015. EW and LW production were enhanced by cool and wet conditions during winter prior to the start of growing season. During the growing season, EW and LW production increased in response to cool spring and summer conditions, respectively; temperatures and year-round evaporation, excluding summer and the previous drought in the period prior to the growing season. EW was sensitive to seasonal drought, which is a concern considering the predicted aridification trends for the study area. These results provide further knowledge on the dendroecological potential of Picea chihuahuana.Funding was provided by CONACYT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología) through the CB-2013/222522 project. Many thanks to the community-based site known as “Ejido el Brillante”, and we also thank the forester responsible for the area (Javier Bretado) for supporting the data gathering. We thank the Dirección General de Vida Silvestre, SEMARNAT (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales), Mexico, for providing technical facilities. Gabriel Sagüesa contributed with sample processing. The authors are grateful to the editors and anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions.We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)

Paratuberculosis control strategies in dairy cattle: A systematic review

Background: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), incurable enterocolitis, affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Economic losses, impacts on animal health and welfare, and public health concerns justify its herd-level control.Aim: To systematically collect information to answer: What are the control and eradication strategies of PTB in dairy cattle worldwide?Methods: The search procedure was carried out on October 2nd, 2019, and updated on August 3rd, 2021, using OVID®, SciELO, and Redalyc databases, and the registers from the International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis (1991–2018). The inclusion criteria considered articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish and in peerreviewed journals. The exclusion criteria included irrelevant topics, species other-than bovines, and not original articles. Definitive studies were obtained through the consensus of the authors on eligibility and quality. Data extraction was performed, considering bibliographic information, control and outcome strategies, follow-up time, and results.Results: Twenty-six relevant studies were found, reporting the use of three grouped control strategies: hygiene and management strategy (HMS), test-and-cull strategy (TCS), and vaccination strategy (VS). The HMS was the most common one (20/26), followed by TCS (17/26) and VS (7/26). Combined control strategies such as TCS-HMS (12/26), TCS-VS (1/26), and HMS-VS (1/26) were also described, and the consideration of the three control strategies (TCSHMS-VS) was reported in two articles. The HMS included practices such as neonates/juvenile livestock hygiene, biosecurity, prevention of infection introduction into the herd, and environmental management. Within HMS, the most frequent practices were to remove calves from their dams as soon as possible after birth and to keep the minimal exposure of calves and heifers to adult cattle. As limitations, within the HMS, it is considered that some strategies cannot be included due to lack of compliance, or the application of the same strategy among one study and another may have a different degree of interpretation; publication bias was not controlled since the results of the control programs in endemic countries may be not available.Conclusion: The main PTB control strategies in dairy cattle worldwide are HMS, TCS, and VS. The use of one or several combined strategies has been found to succeed in controlling the disease at the herd-level

ELABORACIÓN Y VALIDACIÓN DE UNA ESCALA PARA MEDIR EL MALTRATO EN PAREJAS (EMP)

La violencia íntima de parejas ha sido un fenómeno de reciente interés científico por sus consecuencias entre los miembros que la conforman, en su descendencia y en sus demás relaciones interpersonales. Su prevención y detección temprana son una prioridad académica y profesional. El presente estudio reporta la elaboración y validación de un nuevo instrumento para medir y revelar este fenómeno: la Escala de Maltrato en Parejas – EMP. En dos estudios sucesivos, se logró demostrar su validez y confiabilidad. En la primera versión (Piloto – Estudio 1), dirigida a parejas jóvenes [EMP(J)], era unidireccional en la detección del maltrato. En la segunda versión (Validación – Estudio 2), además de incluir la bidireccional del mismo, se agregó la medición del maltrato con el uso de medios virtuales (Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación – TICs, o Comunicación Mediada por Computadores – CMC). La versión final del EMP resultó tanto válida como confiable, además de identificar dos tipos diferentes de maltrato sexual: (1) por desvaloración y (2) por coacción. Se requiere continuar con procesos de validación concurrente con otros instrumentos que midan el fenómeno de la violencia en pareja, con variables similares en definición y contenido, al igual que con otros que midan procesos opuestos como las escalas que miden satisfacción en las relaciones interpersonales

ANÁLISIS ESPACIAL DEL SOBREPESO Y LA OBESIDAD INFANTIL EN EL PERÚ, 2014/Spatial analysis of childhood obesity and overweight in Peru, 2014

Objectives.: To estimate regional prevalence and identify the spatial patterns of the degree of overweight and obesity by districts in under five years children in Peru during 2014. Materials and methods.: Analysis of the information reported by the Information System Nutritional Status (SIEN) of the number of cases of overweight and obesity in children under five years recorded during 2014. Regional prevalence for overweight and obesity, and their respective confidence intervals to 95% were calculated. Moran index was used to determine patterns of grouping districts with high prevalence of overweight and/or obesity. Results.: Data from 1834 districts and 2,318,980 children under five years were analyzed. 158,738 cases (6.84%; CI 95%: 6.81 to 6.87) were overweight, while 56,125 (2.42%; CI 95%: 2.40 to 2.44) obesity. The highest prevalence of overweight were identified in the regions of Tacna (13.9%), Moquegua (11.8%), Callao (10.4%), Lima (10.2%) and Ica (9.3%), and in the same regions for obesity with 5.3%; 4.3%; 4.0%; 4.0% and 3.8% respectively. The spatial analysis found grouping districts of high prevalence in 10% of all districts for both overweight and obesity, identifying 199 districts for overweight (126 urban and 73 rural), and 184 for obesity (136 urban and 48 rural). Conclusions.: The highest prevalence of overweight and obesity were identified in the Peruvian coast regions. Moreover, these regions are predominantly exhibited a spatial clustering of districts with high prevalence of overweight and obesity

New FOCUS results on charm mixing and CP violation

We present a summary of recent results on CP violation and mixing in the charm quark sector based on a high statistics sample collected by photoproduction experiment FOCUS (E831 at Fermilab). We have measured the difference in lifetimes for the $D^0$ decays: $D^0 \to K^-\pi^+$ and $D^0 \to K^-K^+$. This translates into a measurement of the $y_{CP}$ mixing parameter in the \d0d0 system, under the assumptions that $K^-K^+$ is an equal mixture of CP odd and CP even eigenstates, and CP violation is negligible in the neutral charm meson system. We verified the latter assumption by searching for a CP violating asymmetry in the Cabibbo suppressed decay modes $D^+ \to K^-K^+\pi^+$, $D^0 \to K^-K^+$ and $D^0 \to \pi^-\pi^+$. We show preliminary results on a measurement of the branching ratio $\Gamma(D^{*+}\to \pi^+ (K^+\pi^-))/\Gamma(D^{*+}\to \pi^+ (K^-\pi^+))$.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, requires espcrc2.sty. Presented by S.Bianco at CPConf2000, September 2000, Ferrara (Italy). In this revision, fixed several stylistic flaws, add two significant references, fixed a typo in Tab.