Presión intraabdominal y síndrome compartimental en cirugía. Artículo de revisión. Intraabdominal pressure and compartment syndrome in surgery. Review article

La hipertensión intraabdominal se define como el incremento de la presión dentro de la cavidad abdominal por encima de 10 cm. H2O, y se clasifica en cuatro grados de acuerdo a la severidad: I)- 10 -15 cm. H2O, II)- 16 -25 cm. H2O, III)- 26 -35 cm. H2O y IV)- mayor de 35 cm. H2O. El interés por la PIA y sus mediciones comenzó en la última mitad del siglo XIX; en la revisión de la literatura se encontró que desde principios de siglo, en EE.UU. se midió por primera vez la PIA, hasta que se propuso un método estandarizado de medirla con la ayuda de la sonda de Foley por vía transvesical a mediado de siglo. Con la determinación de múltiples factores que incrementan la PIA se conocieron las causas que provocan cambios fisiopatológicos sistémicos, la aparición de las manifestaciones clínicas y del SCA en los grados III y IV, permitiendo tomar una conducta quirúrgica precoz y menos riesgosa que podría mejorar los resultados de la atención a estos pacientes y su mortalidad. Palabras clave: HIPERTENSIÓN, CIRUGÍA, INTESTINOS/irrigación sanguínea, ABDOMEN/ fisiología, TRAUMATISMOS ABDOMINALES, SÍNDROMES COMPARTIMENTALES. ABSTRACT Intraabdominal hypertension is defined as the pressure increase within the abdominal cavity above 10 cm. H2O, and is classified into 4 degrees according to the severity: I, 10 - 15 cm. H2O; II, 16 - 25 cm. H2O; III, 26 - 35 cm. H2O; and IV, greater than 35 cm. H2O. The interest in the IP (Intraabdominal Pressure) and its measurements began in the last half of the 19th. century. In the review of the literature it was found that, since the beginning of the century, in U.S.A. IP was first measured, until a standardized method was proposed to measure it, with the help of a Foley's probe, transvesically, by the half of the century. As multiple factors were determined that increase IP, the causes that trigger system pathological changes were known, as well as the emergence of clinical manifestations and abdominal compartment syndrome of degree III and IV, which allowed to take a less risky and earlier surgical stand. Key words: HYPERTENSION, SURGERY, BOWELS/blood irrigation, ABDOMEN/physiology, ABDOMINAL TRAUMA, COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

Presión intraabdominal y síndrome compartimental en cirugía. Artículo de revisión. Intraabdominal pressure and compartment syndrome in surgery. Review article

La hipertensión intraabdominal se define como el incremento de la presión dentro de la cavidad abdominal por encima de 10 cm. H2O, y se clasifica en cuatro grados de acuerdo a la severidad: I)- 10 -15 cm. H2O, II)- 16 -25 cm. H2O, III)- 26 -35 cm. H2O y IV)- mayor de 35 cm. H2O. El interés por la PIA y sus mediciones comenzó en la última mitad del siglo XIX; en la revisión de la literatura se encontró que desde principios de siglo, en EE.UU. se midió por primera vez la PIA, hasta que se propuso un método estandarizado de medirla con la ayuda de la sonda de Foley por vía transvesical a mediado de siglo. Con la determinación de múltiples factores que incrementan la PIA se conocieron las causas que provocan cambios fisiopatológicos sistémicos, la aparición de las manifestaciones clínicas y del SCA en los grados III y IV, permitiendo tomar una conducta quirúrgica precoz y menos riesgosa que podría mejorar los resultados de la atención a estos pacientes y su mortalidad. Palabras clave: HIPERTENSIÓN, CIRUGÍA, INTESTINOS/irrigación sanguínea, ABDOMEN/ fisiología, TRAUMATISMOS ABDOMINALES, SÍNDROMES COMPARTIMENTALES. ABSTRACT Intraabdominal hypertension is defined as the pressure increase within the abdominal cavity above 10 cm. H2O, and is classified into 4 degrees according to the severity: I, 10 - 15 cm. H2O; II, 16 - 25 cm. H2O; III, 26 - 35 cm. H2O; and IV, greater than 35 cm. H2O. The interest in the IP (Intraabdominal Pressure) and its measurements began in the last half of the 19th. century. In the review of the literature it was found that, since the beginning of the century, in U.S.A. IP was first measured, until a standardized method was proposed to measure it, with the help of a Foley's probe, transvesically, by the half of the century. As multiple factors were determined that increase IP, the causes that trigger system pathological changes were known, as well as the emergence of clinical manifestations and abdominal compartment syndrome of degree III and IV, which allowed to take a less risky and earlier surgical stand. Key words: HYPERTENSION, SURGERY, BOWELS/blood irrigation, ABDOMEN/physiology, ABDOMINAL TRAUMA, COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

Procedimientos para el monitoreo de la presión intraabdominal. Procedures for monitoring intraabdominal pressure (IAP)

La hipertensión intraabdominal se define como el incremento de la presión dentro de la cavidad abdominal por encima de 10 cm H2O, y se clasifica en cuatro grados de acuerdo a la severidad, I: 10 -15 cm H2O, II: 16 -25 cm H2O, III: 26 -35 cm H2O ó IV: mayor de 35 cm H2O. La mayoría de las alteraciones fisiológicas se dan en los grados III y IV, los efectos fisiológicos de la hipertensión intraabdominal comienzan a darse antes de que el Síndrome de Compartimento Intraabdominal sea clínicamente evidente. La medición de la Presión Intraabdominal (PIA) por vía transvesical es un método sencillo e inocuo, y la determinación de los valores que se corresponden con la aparición de las manifestaciones clínicas del SCA permitirá tomar una conducta quirúrgica precoz y menos riesgosa, que podría mejorar los resultados de la atención a estos pacientes, por lo tanto el objetivo de nuestro trabajo es promover su procedimiento y utilización como criterio de laparotomía. Palabras clave: Presión intraabdominal (PIA), Síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA). ABSTRACT Intraabdominal hypertension is defined as increased pressure into the abdominal cavity over 10 cm.H2O, and is classified in four degrees in terms of severity: I: 10-15 cm. H2O; II : 16-25 cm. H2O; III : 26-35 cm. H2O; or IV : greater than 35 cm. H2O. Most physiological alterations are frequent in degrees III and IV, the physiological effects of intraabdominal hypertension start before the intraabdominal compartimental Syndrome (ICS) becomes clinically evident. The measurement of the IAP through transvesical route is a simple and harmless method, and the determining of the values corresponding to the emergence of the clinical manifestations of ICS would allow to take an early surgical and less risky stand which could improve the results from the assistance to these patients; therefore, the aim of this work is promoting its procedure and use as criterium of laparotomy. Key words: INTRAABDOMINAL PRESSURE (IAP), INTRAABDOMINAL COMPARTIMENTAL SYNDROME (ICS

Procedimientos para el monitoreo de la presión intraabdominal. Procedures for monitoring intraabdominal pressure (IAP)

La hipertensión intraabdominal se define como el incremento de la presión dentro de la cavidad abdominal por encima de 10 cm H2O, y se clasifica en cuatro grados de acuerdo a la severidad, I: 10 -15 cm H2O, II: 16 -25 cm H2O, III: 26 -35 cm H2O ó IV: mayor de 35 cm H2O. La mayoría de las alteraciones fisiológicas se dan en los grados III y IV, los efectos fisiológicos de la hipertensión intraabdominal comienzan a darse antes de que el Síndrome de Compartimento Intraabdominal sea clínicamente evidente. La medición de la Presión Intraabdominal (PIA) por vía transvesical es un método sencillo e inocuo, y la determinación de los valores que se corresponden con la aparición de las manifestaciones clínicas del SCA permitirá tomar una conducta quirúrgica precoz y menos riesgosa, que podría mejorar los resultados de la atención a estos pacientes, por lo tanto el objetivo de nuestro trabajo es promover su procedimiento y utilización como criterio de laparotomía. Palabras clave: Presión intraabdominal (PIA), Síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA). ABSTRACT Intraabdominal hypertension is defined as increased pressure into the abdominal cavity over 10 cm.H2O, and is classified in four degrees in terms of severity: I: 10-15 cm. H2O; II : 16-25 cm. H2O; III : 26-35 cm. H2O; or IV : greater than 35 cm. H2O. Most physiological alterations are frequent in degrees III and IV, the physiological effects of intraabdominal hypertension start before the intraabdominal compartimental Syndrome (ICS) becomes clinically evident. The measurement of the IAP through transvesical route is a simple and harmless method, and the determining of the values corresponding to the emergence of the clinical manifestations of ICS would allow to take an early surgical and less risky stand which could improve the results from the assistance to these patients; therefore, the aim of this work is promoting its procedure and use as criterium of laparotomy. Key words: INTRAABDOMINAL PRESSURE (IAP), INTRAABDOMINAL COMPARTIMENTAL SYNDROME (ICS

100 años investigando el mar. El IEO en su centenario (1914-2014).

Se trata de un libro que pretende divulgar a la sociedad las principales investigaciones multidisciplinares llevadas a cabo por el Instituto Español de Oceanografía durante su primer siglo de vida, y dar a conocer la historia del organismo, de su Sede Central y de los nueve centros oceanográficos repartidos por los litorales mediterráneo y atlántico, en la península y archipiélagos.Kongsberg 20

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis