Lysosomal enzyme precursors in coated vesicles derived from the exocytic and endocytic pathways.

The molecular forms of two lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin C and cathepsin D, have been examined in lysosomes and coated vesicles (CVs) of rat liver. In addition, the relative proportion of these lysosomal enzymes residing in functionally distinct CV subpopulations was quantitated. CVs contained newly synthesized precursor forms of the enzymes in contrast to lysosomes where only the mature forms were detected. Exocytic and endocytic CV subpopulations were prepared by two completely different protocols. One procedure, a density shift method, uses cholinesterase to alter the density of CVs derived from exocytic or endocytic pathways. The other relies on electrophoretic heterogeneity to accomplish the CV subfractionation. Subpopulations of CVs prepared by either procedure showed similar results, when examined for their relative proportion of cathepsin C and cathepsin D precursors. Within the starting CV preparation, exocytic CVs contained approximately 80-90% of the total steady-state levels of these enzymes while the level in the endocytic population was approximately 10-13%. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to lysosome trafficking

New structural data reveal benleonardite to be a member of the pearceite-polybasite group

Article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author(s) as specified within the article. This document is the author's final accepted version of the journal article. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it

Pengaruh Jenis Elektroda Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Hasil Pengelasan Smaw Baja Astm A36

Penggunaan elektroda dan arus yang berbeda pada proses pengelasan berpengaruh terhadap sifat fisik dan mekanik hasil lasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil lasan, struktur mikro, distribusi kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik terhadap penggunaan jenis elektroda dan arus pengelasan. Baja ASTM A36 dilakukan pengelasan SMAW menggunakan elektroda E6013, E7016 dan E7018 dengan arus 70A, 110A dan 130A pada kecepatan konstan. Hasil pengelasan dilakukan analisa struktur makro, struktur mikro, kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik. Arus pengelasan berpengaruh terhadap karateristik makro, struktur mikro, distribusi kekerasan dan kekuatan tariknya. Semakin tinggi arus yang dipakai semakin rendah nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik. Hasil yang didapat pada perbedaan elektroda nilai kekerasan yang paling tinggi menggunakan elektroda E7018 dengan variasi arus 70A yaitu 105 HRB, dan nilai tertinggi pada pengujian tarik pengelasan menggunakan elektroda E6013 dengan variasi arus 110A yaitu 34,697MPa

ECG Dilemma

"Case: A 31-year-old man with an unremarkable past medical history presented with substernal chest pressure without radiation of two-hours duration. The patient's vitals remained stable and an ECG was obtained. What is the diagnosis? ... Answer: D) Destrocardia."Zachary Oman (1), Leni Abraham (2), Piotr J. Horbal (1), Jad Raffoul (2), Tarek Helmy (2) ; 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine. 2. The Center for Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care, Saint Louis University School of Medicine.Includes bibliographical reference

Cerebral microdialysis in clinical studies of drugs: pharmacokinetic applications.

The ability to deliver drug molecules effectively across the blood-brain barrier into the brain is important in the development of central nervous system (CNS) therapies. Cerebral microdialysis is the only existing technique for sampling molecules from the brain extracellular fluid (ECF; also termed interstitial fluid), the compartment to which the astrocytes and neurones are directly exposed. Plasma levels of drugs are often poor predictors of CNS activity. While cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of drugs are often used as evidence of delivery of drug to brain, the CSF is a different compartment to the ECF. The continuous nature of microdialysis sampling of the ECF is ideal for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, and can give valuable PK information of variations with time in drug concentrations of brain ECF versus plasma. The microdialysis technique needs careful calibration for relative recovery (extraction efficiency) of the drug if absolute quantification is required. Besides the drug, other molecules can be analysed in the microdialysates for information on downstream targets and/or energy metabolism in the brain. Cerebral microdialysis is an invasive technique, so is only useable in patients requiring neurocritical care, neurosurgery or brain biopsy. Application of results to wider patient populations, and to those with different pathologies or degrees of pathology, obviously demands caution. Nevertheless, microdialysis data can provide valuable guidelines for designing CNS therapies, and play an important role in small phase II clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the role of cerebral microdialysis in recent clinical studies of antimicrobial agents, drugs for tumour therapy, neuroprotective agents and anticonvulsants

Principal component analysis of the cytokine and chemokine response to human traumatic brain injury.

There is a growing realisation that neuro-inflammation plays a fundamental role in the pathology of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This has led to the search for biomarkers that reflect these underlying inflammatory processes using techniques such as cerebral microdialysis. The interpretation of such biomarker data has been limited by the statistical methods used. When analysing data of this sort the multiple putative interactions between mediators need to be considered as well as the timing of production and high degree of statistical co-variance in levels of these mediators. Here we present a cytokine and chemokine dataset from human brain following human traumatic brain injury and use principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis to demonstrate the pattern of production following TBI, distinct phases of the humoral inflammatory response and the differing patterns of response in brain and in peripheral blood. This technique has the added advantage of making no assumptions about the Relative Recovery (RR) of microdialysis derived parameters. Taken together these techniques can be used in complex microdialysis datasets to summarise the data succinctly and generate hypotheses for future study

Effects Of Anthropogenic Activity On Stream Water Quality In Langsa, Aceh

Increased human activity towards the water bodies will change the condition of water quality. Case study in Langsa, Aceh, It was found that an increase in Some physical parameter (TSS) that exceeds the value determined in PP 82 of 2001 (Indonesian government standard). The high value of TSS in Station 2 and Station 3 indicates that the sediment loading to the water body is high, especially in Station 3, where the TSS concentrations far exceed the standard. Activity of type C surface mining materials tends to affect the brightness, turbidity, depth and TSS. Water conditions with low pH were also found in this study. In location studied no EPT larvae were foun

Glucose metabolism following human traumatic brain injury: methods of assessment and pathophysiological findings.

The pathophysiology of traumatic brain (TBI) injury involves changes to glucose uptake into the brain and its subsequent metabolism. We review the methods used to study cerebral glucose metabolism with a focus on those used in clinical TBI studies. Arterio-venous measurements provide a global measure of glucose uptake into the brain. Microdialysis allows the in vivo sampling of brain extracellular fluid and is well suited to the longitudinal assessment of metabolism after TBI in the clinical setting. A recent novel development is the use of microdialysis to deliver glucose and other energy substrates labelled with carbon-13, which allows the metabolism of glucose and other substrates to be tracked. Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy allow regional differences in metabolism to be assessed. We summarise the data published from these techniques and review their potential uses in the clinical setting.This is the final published version. It originally appeared at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9628-y

Hyperentangled photon sources in semiconductor waveguides

We propose and analyze the performance of a technique to generate mode and polarization hyperentangled photons in monolithic semiconductor waveguides using two concurrent type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) processes. These two SPDC processes are achieved by waveguide engineering which allows for simultaneous modal phase matching with the pump beam in a higher-order mode. Paired photons generated in each process are cross polarized and guided by different guiding mechanisms, which produces entanglement in both polarization and spatial mode. Theoretical analysis shows that the output quantum state has a high quality of hyperentanglement by spectral filtering with a bandwidth of a few nanometers, while off-chip compensation is not needed. This technique offers a path to realize an electrically pumped hyperentangled photon source.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in a Bragg reflection waveguide

We demonstrate experimentally that spontaneous parametric down-conversion in an AlGaAs semiconductor Bragg reflection waveguide can make for paired photons highly entangled in the polarization degree of freedom at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. The pairs of photons show visibility higher than 90% in several polarization bases and violate a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell-like inequality by more than 3 standard deviations. This represents a significant step toward the realization of efficient and versatile self pumped sources of entangled photon pairs on-chip.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, published versio