Jødisk bogkultur og jødiske biblioteker i Danmark

Jewish Culture of the Book and the Jewish Libraries in DenmarkTraditionally, the concept of People of the Book has been attributed to the Jews. The article aims at presenting the most common features of Jewish book culture and library history together with an overview of the Jewish libraries in Denmark in a historical perspective.The production of the Torah and its private and liturgical use is reviewed. Especially since the destruction of the Second Temple in A.D. 70, the Torah has been crucial to the preservation of a Jewish identity. To the Jews, the Torah has been a “portative native country" as Heinrich Heine has it. The rituals and customs relating to the Torah have had a knock-on effect on Jewish books in general.A brief account of the history of Jewish libraries since the times of King David is given, including a few examples of medieval and modern attempts to destroy the whole of the written Jewish cultural heritage.Finally, a summary of the history of Jewish public libraries in Denmark is given: The famous and internationally recognized Bibliotheca Simonseniana, which in 1932 was sold to the Royal Library in Copenhagen; the Toynbee Hall and other types of reading rooms in the beginning of the 20th century specialising in Yiddish literature for the benefit of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, many of whom were non-religious; the libraries in connection with the Jewish Congregation in Copenhagen. Like the Danish Jews, their books were rescued from the Germans in 1943. With the help of non-Jewish Danes, the books were hidden at the Royal Library.It is concluded that, during history, Jews have shared their lot with their books: Both parts have been censored, persecuted, and attempts have been made to annihilate them. Both parts have had a durable three-thousand-year symbiotic relationship

Tre efterreformatoriske katolske biblioteker i København indtil 1962

Tidligt i Kirkens historie er bøger blevet anset som åndelige våben. Denne tradition kan føres tilbage til jødedommen, men også apostlen Paulus har understreget betydningen af 'åndens sværd' i kampen mod det onde. I klostrene i middelalderen var biblioteket det vigtigste rum efter kirken og sakristiet. Biblioteket var ofte placeret ved sakristiet, og har givetvis haft sin oprindelse i den samling af liturgiske bøger, der fandtes der. Munkene skulle anvende de liturgiske bøger i deres tidebønner og messer i lovprisningen af Gud og kampen mod djævelen. Men ud over denne kontinuerlige brug af 'åndens sværd' forordnede Benedikt i sin Regels kapitel 48, at der for den enkelte munk hver dag skulle afsættes flere timer til læsning; denne beskæftigelse blev intensiveret i fastetiden, hvor hver munk ved fastetidens begyndelse skulle have udleveret en bog fra biblioteket, som han skulle læse i løbet af fastetiden som en særlig indsats for at fremme sin åndelige udvikling. I det hele taget blev biblioteket betragtet som et våbenkammer, jf. den gamle sentens Claustrum sine armario sicut castrum sine armamentario (Et kloster uden bibliotek er som en fæstning uden våbenkammer). Der er i dag almindelig enighed om benediktinernes enorme indsats som bærere og udbredere af den klassiske og kristne kultur, herunder bogkulturen, i Europa i hele middelalderen.Tidligt i Kirkens historie er bøger blevet anset som åndelige våben. Denne tradition kan føres tilbage til jødedommen, men også apostlen Paulus har understreget betydningen af 'åndens sværd' i kampen mod det onde. I klostrene i middelalderen var biblioteket det vigtigste rum efter kirken og sakristiet. Biblioteket var ofte placeret ved sakristiet, og har givetvis haft sin oprindelse i den samling af liturgiske bøger, der fandtes der. Munkene skulle anvende de liturgiske bøger i deres tidebønner og messer i lovprisningen af Gud og kampen mod djævelen. Men ud over denne kontinuerlige brug af 'åndens sværd' forordnede Benedikt i sin Regels kapitel 48, at der for den enkelte munk hver dag skulle afsættes flere timer til læsning; denne beskæftigelse blev intensiveret i fastetiden, hvor hver munk ved fastetidens begyndelse skulle have udleveret en bog fra biblioteket, som han skulle læse i løbet af fastetiden som en særlig indsats for at fremme sin åndelige udvikling. I det hele taget blev biblioteket betragtet som et våbenkammer, jf. den gamle sentens Claustrum sine armario sicut castrum sine armamentario (Et kloster uden bibliotek er som en fæstning uden våbenkammer). Der er i dag almindelig enighed om benediktinernes enorme indsats som bærere og udbredere af den klassiske og kristne kultur, herunder bogkulturen, i Europa i hele middelalderen

Fra helgenbillede i Kevelaer til kistebillede i Haderslev

I Haderslev findes to varianter af et religiøst billede fra slutningen af 1700-tallet af Jomfru Maria og Jesusbarnet. De befinder sig henholdsvis i den katolske Sankt Marie Kirke og i Museum Sønderjylland. Det kan påvises, at billedet stammer fra et andagtsbillede fra 1642 i den tyske valfartsby Kevelaer. I analysen og fortolkningen af billedet inddrages derfor elementer af den katolsketeologi om Jomfru Maria. Kevelaerbilledet må være blevet indført til Haderslev, men før det blev genudgivet her, har det undergået visse forandringer for ikke at komme i konflikt med den lutherske teologi. Der sammenlignes med eksempler på kirkelige tekster og kirkekunst, som har været igennem den samme procedure

Mortality, Causes of Death, and Predictors of Death among Patients On and Off Opioid Agonist Treatment: Results from a 19-Year Cohort Study

Background: Mortality is increased among people with opioid use disorder but reduced while on opioid agonist treatment (OAT). However, the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality and causes of death is insuffi ciently studied. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore mortality and causes of death and examine the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality in an OAT cohort with high retention in treatment. Methods: Design: longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Norway. Observation period: time from OAT start as of 1998 until death or end of 2016, 2,508 person-years (PY) in total. Sample: 200 persons starting OAT 1998–2007. Data sources: hospital records, interviews, the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, Statistics Norway. Results: Retention: 86.4% of the observation period was on OAT, 9.0% off, 4.6% unknown OAT status. All-cause crude mortality rate per 100 PY during the whole observation period was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.19–2.20), for deaths of somatic cause 0.88 (0.56–1.31), for drug-induced deaths 0.44 (0.23–0.76), and traumatic deaths 0.24 (0.10–0.50). Off-versus-on-OAT all-cause mortality ratio was 2.31 (1.00–4.85). On OAT, 58% of the deaths were of somatic cause and 21% druginduced; off OAT, 38% of somatic cause and 50% drug-induced. Increasing baseline age and rate of somatic hospital treatment episodes were independently associated with increased all-cause mortality risk, while increasing rate of inpatient psychiatric treatment episodes was associated with reduced risk. Increasing duration of nicotine and cannabis use and alcohol dependence as well as increasing severity of polydrug use were associated with increased all-cause and somatic mortality adjusted for age and sex. Conclusion: The long observation period made it possible to demonstrate the importance of long-term retention in OAT to reduce mortality. Further, the preponderance of somatic and reduction of drug-induced causes of death during OAT underlines the need for follow-up of chronic diseases and health-promoting lifestyle changes. These findings add to the knowledge about long-term OAT effects, not least in ageing OAT populationspublishedVersio

Spectroscopy for Industrial Applications: High-Temperature Processes

<p>The continuous development of the spectroscopic databases brings new perspectives in the environmental and industrial on-line process control, monitoring and stimulates further optical sensor developments. This is because no calibration gases are needed and, in general, temperature-dependent spectral absorption features gases of interest for a specific instrument can in principle be calculated by knowing only the gas temperature and pressure in the process under investigation/monitoring. The latest HITRAN-2012 database contains IR/UV spectral data for 47 molecules and it is still growing. However use of HITRAN is limited to low-temperature processes (<em><</em><em> </em>400 K) and therefor can be used for absorption spectra calculations at limited temperature/pressure ranges. For higher temperatures, the HITEMP-2010 database is available. Only a few molecules CO₂, H₂O, CO and NO are those of interest for e.g. various combustion and astronomical applications are included. In the recent few years, several efforts towards a development of hot line lists have been made; those have been implemented in the latest HITRAN2012 database¹.</p> <p>High-resolution absorption measurements of NH₃ (IR, 0.1 cm^-1) and phenol (UV, 0.019 nm) on a flow gas cell² up to 800 K are presented. Molecules are of great interest in various high-temperature environments including exoplanets, combustion and gasification. Measured NH₃ hot lines have been assigned and spectra have been compared with that obtained by calculations based on the BYTe hot line list¹. High-temperature NH₃ absorption spectra have been used in the analysis of in situ high-resolution IR absorption measurements on the producer gas in low-temperature gasification process on a large scale. High-resolution UV temperature-dependent absorption cross-sections of phenol are reported for the first time. All UV data have been calibrated by relevant GC/MS measurements. Use of the data is demonstrated by the analysis of in situ UV absorption measurements on a small-scale low-temperature gasifier. A comparison between in situ, gas extraction and conventional gas sampling measurements is presented. Overall the presentation shows an example of successful industrial and academic partnerships within the framework of national and international ongoing projects.</p

Staff attitudes and the associations with treatment organisation, clinical practices and outcomes in opioid maintenance treatment

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) there are documented treatment differences both between countries and between OMT programmes. Some of these differences have been associated with staff attitudes. The aim of this study was to 1) assess if there were differences in staff attitudes within a national OMT programme, and 2) investigate the associations of staff attitudes with treatment organisation, clinical practices and outcomes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study was a cross-sectional multicentre study. Norwegian OMT staff (<it>n </it>= 140) were invited to participate in this study in 2007 using an instrument measuring attitudes towards OMT. The OMT programme comprised 14 regional centres. Data describing treatment organisation, clinical practices and patient outcomes in these centres were extracted from the annual OMT programme assessment 2007. Centres were divided into three groups based upon mean attitudinal scores and labelled; "rehabilitation-oriented", "harm reduction-oriented" and "intermediate" centres.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All invited staff (<it>n </it>= 140) participated. Staff attitudes differed between the centres. "Rehabilitation-oriented" centres had smaller caseloads, more frequent urine drug screening and increased case management (interdisciplinary meetings). In addition these centres had less drug use and more social rehabilitation among their patients in terms of long-term living arrangements, unemployment, and social security benefits as main income. "Intermediate" centres had the lowest treatment termination rate.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study identified marked variations in staff attitudes between the regional centres within a national OMT programme. These variations were associated with measurable differences in caseload, intensity of case management and patient outcomes.</p

Distance decay 2.0-A global synthesis of taxonomic and functional turnover in ecological communities

Aim: Understanding the variation in community composition and species abundances (i.e., beta-diversity) is at the heart of community ecology. A common approach to examine beta-diversity is to evaluate directional variation in community composition by measuring the decay in the similarity among pairs of communities along spatial or environmental distance. We provide the first global synthesis of taxonomic and functional distance decay along spatial and environmental distance by analysing 148 datasets comprising different types of organisms and environments. Location: Global. Time period: 1990 to present. Major taxa studied: From diatoms to mammals. Method: We measured the strength of the decay using ranked Mantel tests (Mantel r) and the rate of distance decay as the slope of an exponential fit using generalized linear models. We used null models to test whether functional similarity decays faster or slower than expected given the taxonomic decay along the spatial and environmental distance. We also unveiled the factors driving the rate of decay across the datasets, including latitude, spatial extent, realm and organismal features. Results: Taxonomic distance decay was stronger than functional distance decay along both spatial and environmental distance. Functional distance decay was random given the taxonomic distance decay. The rate of taxonomic and functional spatial distance decay was fastest in the datasets from mid-latitudes. Overall, datasets covering larger spatial extents showed a lower rate of decay along spatial distance but a higher rate of decay along environmental distance. Marine ecosystems had the slowest rate of decay along environmental distances. Main conclusions: In general, taxonomic distance decay is a useful tool for biogeographical research because it reflects dispersal-related factors in addition to species responses to climatic and environmental variables. Moreover, functional distance decay might be a cost-effective option for investigating community changes in heterogeneous environments

Examination of Late Palaeolithic archaeological sites in northern Europe for the preservation of cryptotephra layers

We report the first major study of cryptotephra (non-visible volcanic ash layers) on Late Palaeolithic archaeological sites in northern Europe. Examination of 34 sites dating from the Last Termination reveals seven with identifiable cryptotephra layers. Preservation is observed in minerogenic and organic deposits, although tephra is more common in organic sediments. Cryptotephra layers normally occur stratigraphically above or below the archaeology. Nearby off-site palaeoclimate archives (peat bogs and lakes &lt;0.3 km distant) were better locations for detecting tephra. However in most cases the archaeology can only be correlated indirectly with such cryptotephras. Patterns affecting the presence/absence of cryptotephra include geographic position of sites relative to the emitting volcanic centre; the influence of past atmospherics on the quantity, direction and patterns of cryptotephra transport; the nature and timing of local site sedimentation; sampling considerations and subsequent taphonomic processes. Overall, while tephrostratigraphy has the potential to improve significantly the chronology of such sites many limiting factors currently impacts the successful application