136 research outputs found
Future area expansion outweighs increasing drought risk for soybean in Europe
The European Union is highly dependent on soybean imports from overseas to meet its protein demands. Individual Member States have been quick to declare self-sufficiency targets for plant-based proteins, but detailed strategies are still lacking. Rising global temperatures have painted an image of a bright future for soybean production in Europe, but emerging climatic risks such as drought have so far not been included in any of those outlooks. Here, we present simulations of future soybean production and the most prominent risk factors across Europe using an ensemble of climate and soybean growth models. Projections suggest a substantial increase in potential soybean production area and productivity in Central Europe, while southern European production would become increasingly dependent on supplementary irrigation. Average productivity would rise by 8.3% (RCP 4.5) to 8.7% (RCP 8.5) as a result of improved growing conditions (plant physiology benefiting from rising temperature and CO2 levels) and farmers adapting to them by using cultivars with longer phenological cycles. Suitable production area would rise by 31.4% (RCP 4.5) to 37.7% (RCP 8.5) by the mid-century, contributing considerably more than productivity increase to the production potential for closing the protein gap in Europe. While wet conditions at harvest and incidental cold spells are the current key challenges for extending soybean production, the models and climate data analysis anticipate that drought and heat will become the dominant limitations in the future. Breeding for heat-tolerant and water-efficient genotypes is needed to further improve soybean adaptation to changing climatic conditions
Impact of Spatial Soil and Climate Input Data Aggregation on Regional Yield Simulations
This work was financially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE), (2851ERA01J). FT and RPR were supported by FACCE MACSUR (3200009600) through the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MMM). EC, HE and EL were supported by The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (220-2007-1218) and by the strategic funding âSoil-Water-Landscapeâ from the faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) and thank professor P-E Jansson (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) for support. JC, HR and DW thank the INRA ACCAF metaprogramm for funding and Eric Casellas from UR MIAT INRA for support. CB was funded by the Helmholtz project âREKLIMâRegional Climate Changeâ. CK was funded by the HGF Alliance âRemote Sensing and Earth System Dynamicsâ (EDA). FH was funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) under the Grant FOR1695. FE and SS acknowledge support by the German Science Foundation (project EW 119/5-1). HH, GZ, SS, TG and FE thank Andreas Enders and Gunther Krauss (INRES, University of Bonn) for support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Impact analysis of climate data aggregation at different spatial scales on simulated net primary productivity for croplands
For spatial crop and agro-systems modelling, there is often a discrepancy between the scale of measured driving data and the target resolution. Spatial data aggregation is often necessary, which can introduce additional uncertainty into the simulation results. Previous studies have shown that climate data aggregation has little effect on simulation of phenological stages, but effects on net primary production (NPP) might still be expected through changing the length of the growing season and the period of grain filling. This study investigates the impact of spatial climate data aggregation on NPP simulation results, applying eleven different models for the same study region (âŒ34,000 km2), situated in Western Germany. To isolate effects of climate, soil data and management were assumed to be constant over the entire study area and over the entire study period of 29 years. Two crops, winter wheat and silage maize, were tested as monocultures. Compared to the impact of climate data aggregation on yield, the effect on NPP is in a similar range, but is slightly lower, with only small impacts on averages over the entire simulation period and study region. Maximum differences between the five scales in the range of 1â100 km grid cells show changes of 0.4â7.8% and 0.0â4.8% for wheat and maize, respectively, whereas the simulated potential NPP averages of the models show a wide range (1.9â4.2 g C mâ2 dâ1 and 2.7â6.1 g C mâ2 dâ1 for wheat and maize, respectively). The impact of the spatial aggregation was also tested for shorter time periods, to see if impacts over shorter periods attenuate over longer periods. The results show larger impacts for single years (up to 9.4% for wheat and up to 13.6% for maize). An analysis of extreme weather conditions shows an aggregation effect in vulnerability up to 12.8% and 15.5% between the different resolutions for wheat and maize, respectively. Simulations of NPP averages over larger areas (e.g. regional scale) and longer time periods (several years) are relatively insensitive to climate data aggregation. However, the scale of climate data is more relevant for impacts on annual averages of NPP or if the period is strongly affected or dominated by drought stress. There should be an awareness of the greater uncertainty for the NPP values in these situations if data are not available at high resolution. On the other hand, the results suggest that there is no need to simulate at high resolution for long term regional NPP averages based on the simplified assumptions (soil and management constant in time and space) used in this study
GASCON : Gestion agro-écologique de la santé des cultures et des organismes nuisibles
Le croisement des sciences agronomiques, de lâĂ©cologie appliquĂ©e Ă la gestion des agroĂ©cosystĂšmes,et des sciences humaines et sociales, quâimplique la transition agroĂ©cologique, pose de nouveaux dĂ©fis pour rĂ©pondre aux enjeux agricoles: intĂ©grer des connaissances de diffĂ©rentes disciplines et produites Ă diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles dâorganisation pour agir en situation; dĂ©velopper des cadres dâanalyse et dĂ©marches intĂ©grant la diversitĂ© de situations Ă gĂ©rer par les acteurs et permettant de construire des rĂ©ponses adaptĂ©es Ă chaque situation; et concevoir et mettre en Ćuvre des pratiques dâenseignement et dâapprentissage, qui dotent les apprenants de capacitĂ©s Ă penser leur action en contexte, en mobilisant des savoirs et savoir-faire multiples en termes de contenus disciplinaires et des savoir-ĂȘtre pour construire des solutions avec une diversitĂ© dâacteurs. Dans le champ de la formation, ces dĂ©fis nĂ©cessitent dĂšs lors de revisiter les contenus des enseignements dispensĂ©s, les modalitĂ©s pĂ©dagogiques et les dispositifs de formation existants, de maniĂšre Ă apprĂ©hender au mieux la complexitĂ© des processus Ă lâĆuvre. Pour autant, peu de travaux sâattardent sur les modalitĂ©s pratiques de ce changement et de ses implications, alors mĂȘme que de nombreuses initiatives en matiĂšre de pĂ©dagogie et dâagroĂ©cologie se dĂ©veloppent ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. Lâobjectif de ce sĂ©minaire est de promouvoir une information partagĂ©e et lâĂ©change dâexpĂ©riences pour rĂ©pondre aux enjeux posĂ©s par lâagroĂ©cologie dans la formation (transversalitĂ©, pluridisciplinaritĂ©, approche systĂ©mique, pĂ©dagogies actives). Ces enjeux peuvent se dĂ©cliner suivant plusieurs entrĂ©es : les thĂ©matiques enseignĂ©es (agriculture, Ă©levage, territoire, alimentation, ...); les pratiques et les dispositifs pĂ©dagogiques mis en Ćuvre pour aborder ces questions (enseignement numĂ©rique, dispositifs expĂ©rimentaux, projets professionnels, rĂ©fĂ©rentiels, ...);les publics dâapprenants: Ă©lĂšves, Ă©tudiants, professionnels, ..
Resilient Computing Curriculum
This Deliverable presents the MSc Curriculum in Resilient Computing suggested by ReSIST. It includes the description of the syllabi for all the courses in the two semesters of the first year, those for the common courses in semester 3 in the second year together with an exemplification of possible application tracks with the related courses. This MSc curriculum has been updated and
completed taking advantage of a large open discussion inside and outside ReSIST. This MSc Curriculum is on-line on the official ReSIST web site, where all information is available together with all the support material generated by ReSIST and all other relevant freely available support material.European Commission through NoE IST-4-026764-NOE (ReSIST
Effects of climate input data aggregation on modelling regional crop yields
Crop models can be sensitive to climate input data aggregation and this response may differ among models. This should be considered when applying field-scale models for assessment of climate change impacts on larger spatial scales or when coupling models across scales.
In order to evaluate these effects systematically, an ensemble of ten crop models was run with climate input data on different spatial aggregations ranging from 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 km horizontal resolution for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Models were minimally calibrated to typical sowing and harvest dates, and crop yields observed in the region, subsequently simulating potential, water-limited and nitrogen-limited production of winter wheat and silage maize for 1982-2011. Outputs were analysed for 19 variables (yield, evapotranspiration, soil organic carbon, etc.). In this study the sensitivity of the individual models and the model ensemble in response to input data aggregation is assessed for crop yield.
Results show that the mean yield of the region calculated from climate time series of 1 km horizontal resolution changes only little when using climate input data of higher aggregation levels for most models. However, yield frequency distributions change with aggregation, resembling observed data better with increasing resolution. With few exceptions, these results apply to the two crops and three production situations (potential, water-, nitrogen-limited) and across models including the model ensemble, regardless of differences among models in simulated yield levels and spatial yield patterns. Results of this study improve the confidence of using crop models at varying scales
Resilient Computing Courseware
This Deliverable describes the courseware in support to teaching Resilient Computing
in a Curriculum for an MSc track following the scheme of the Bologna process. The development of the supporting material for such a curriculum has required a rather intensive activity that involved not only the partners in ReSIST but also a much
larger worldwide community with the aim of identifying available updated support
material that can be used to build a progressive and methodical line of teaching to accompany students and interested persons in a profitable learning process. All this material is on-line on the official ReSIST web site http://www.resistnoe.org/, can be viewed and downloaded for use in a class and constitutes, at our knowledge, the first, almost comprehensive attempt, to build a database of support material related to Dependable and Resilient Computing.European Commission through NoE IST-4-026764-NOE (ReSIST
ModÚles et interopérabilité des modÚles
Les modĂšles font partie des outils largement utilisĂ©s par les scientifiques pour comprendre, diagnostiquer et prĂ©dire les phĂ©nomĂšnes. Ils sont dâune grande diversitĂ©. La dynamique Open Science donne une nouvelle optique quant Ă leur construction et en particulier nĂ©cessite de dĂ©velopper la dimension de leur interopĂ©rabilitĂ©. Cette interopĂ©rabilitĂ© peut sâappuyer vers plus de standardisation des modĂšles et/ou par des mĂ©thodes dâingĂ©nierie informatique
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