The Protection of the Dignity of Laboratory Animals in Switzerland

The article discusses the question whether Swiss law offers an equal level of protection for animals being used in research projects and those being genetically modified and bred for these projects. To answer this question the article argues, first, that animal dignity has a sacrosanct core content which prohibits highly cruel treatments or killing methods, denial of an animal’s essential natural needs as well as exclusive instrumentalization. However, a use that does not infringe the sacrosanct core can be justified by prevailing interests, as is the case within authorisation procedures of animal experimentation. During the approval procedure, the competent authority conducts a harm–benefit assessment to define, rate and evaluate the conflicting interests. Next, the article examines the issue of the breeding of genetically modified laboratory animals being subject to laxer requirements than other animal experiments. The projects are subject to a simplified procedure that does not include a “traditional” harm–benefit assessment. The article argues that the harm–benefit assessment is the key to a sufficient protection of laboratory animals and their dignity. Due to the purely “trailed” assessment as well as potential negligence in regard to reporting obligations regarding strains suffered by the animal, the application of the simplified procedure raises certain doubts as to whether it provides a sufficient protection of animal dignity. Moreover, it is argued that the breeding of genetically modified animals exclusively for test purposes constitutes an excessive instrumentalization of these animals. The article, therefore, weighs the instrumentalization against (human) interests, but holds that even if some prevailing interests are conceivable, the severe infringement of animal dignity cannot be justified

The Role of the European Union in Relation to the Conservation of Endangered Shark Species

Scientific evidence demonstrates a global decline of shark populations and encourages the international community to take actions to reverse this trend. As the EU has evolved an influential position in the shaping of international environmental law, also focusing on shark conservation, the objective of this thesis is to theorise, analyse and evaluate the role of the EU in relation to the protection of endangered species, with particular emphasis on sharks. The main features of the CITES, the CMS, the CBD and the Bern Convention, as well as their implementation into EU law in form of the Habitats Directive and the Shark Regulation are, therefore, introduced as tools aimed at tackling the protection of sharks. The thesis focuses on three primary problems relating to whether the international legal framework is effectively protecting shark species: Firstly, the differences of the material scope and the substantive provisions of the international agreements, which have, inter alia, been engaged in the conservation of sharks, are addressed. Moreover the increasing inter-treaty co-operation of these in order to minimise their possible ineffectiveness is examined. Secondly, the function of the COP in these agreements, and how cross-party political unwillingness can sometimes preclude the necessary adjusting of the international legal tools is validated. In this respect the EU needs to use its growing international influence in order to encourage effective adjustments of the MEAs through sagacious COP decisions. This argumentation leads, finally, to the evaluation of the interaction between the EU and the international tools and their effectiveness. The key aspects are approached mainly through comparison of the different international and EU instruments. Further, a research based examination of the increasing impact of international environmental law on EU law and vice-versa, as well as the measures, de facto, facilitated in relation to the conservation of sharks is provided. The main finding of the thesis is that the international and EU’s legislation need to be changed and modified. In order to promote an effective protection of endangered species relating to sharks, the thesis proposes the clustering of the CITES, the CMS, the CBD and the Bern Convention. Thus, the overlapping and the regulatory gaps arising in the legal framework could be avoided. The EU is, moreover, under an international obligation to utilise its political influence in order to impel the clustering of the respective legal tools and interact further with international environmental law to support the protection of endangered shark species

«Rote Plakette» für Deutschlands Luftreinhaltung

In mehreren europäischen Mitgliedstaaten werden die Sickstoffdioxid-Grenzwerte der Luftreinhalterichtlinie seit Jahren überschritten und somit Unionsrecht verletzt. Die EU-Kommission hat im Mai 2018 den letzten Schritt des Vertragsverletzungsverfahrens eingeleitet und Klage gegen die Bundesrepublik Deutschland erhoben. Der EuGH wird nun die deutschen Luftreinhaltmassnahmen auf den Prüfstand stellen – es bleibt abzuwarten, ob der EuGH Deutschland für seine Versäumnisse die «rote Karte» zeigen wird. In der Zwischenzeit widmet sich der vorliegende Beitrag der Frage, wie sich das Kompetenzgefüge zwischen EU, Bund und Kommunen beim Erlass von Massnahmen des lokalen Umweltschutzes in der Luftreinhaltung aufsplittert und im Rahmen von Klagemöglichkeiten von Privaten und Umweltverbänden wieder ineinandergreift. Der Artikel stellt die Entwicklungen des aktuellen Vertragsverletzungsverfahrens dar und unternimmt den Versuch, die zentralen Fragstellungen der noch nicht veröffentlichten Klage zu antizipieren